Otto Lipmann

Otto Lipmann (6 March 1880 – 7 October 1933) was a German psychologist, an expert in vocational guidance, and one of the pioneers in the use of counseling for the selection of a profession.

Biography

Otto Lipmann was born in Breslau on March 6, 1880. His parents were Emo Lipmann and Hulda Wendrina. In 1904, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Breslau. Over the years, Lipmann contributed to several fields of psychology, especially industrial psychology, with the development of the first selection tests for aviators in Germany, and also for typesetters, industrial apprentices, telegraphists and academic workers, amongst others. He also introduced the principles of vocational guidance in that country, and was the first psychologist to employ statistics in his works, which include "Psychische Geschlechtsunterschiede", "Wirtschaftspsychologie und psychologische Berufsberatung", "Die psychologische Analyse der höheren Berufe" and "Grundriss der Arbeitswissenschaft und Ergebnisse der arbeitswissenschaftlichen Statistik".

In 1906, along with psychologist William Stern, Lipmann founded the Institute for Applied Psychology in Berlin, and in 1908, the Journal of Applied Psychology ("Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie"). In 1920, along with , he founded the Institute of Professional and Business Psychology, which was in charge of the development of psychological tests of professional skills and vocational guidance. The same year he published the book Psychologie und Schule. As a consequence of the rise of the National Socialist party in Germany, on 1 October 1933, Lipmann was discharged as an editor of the Journal of Applied Psychology. That same year he was forced to turn down a job offer from the University of Berlin, an opportunity he had considered due to his declining finances. and Emily Marta (born on 6 July 1907). On October 7, 1933, Lipmann died of an unexpected heart failure. In 1937, his daughter Emily emigrated from Germany, and so did his wife one year later. Gertrude died in Alexandria, Egypt, in December 1941. Emily married Vladimir Kaplun and they had three daughters, Katherine, Helen and Irene.

Science of Work Lipmann proposes a distinction between "capacity-to-work" and "preparedness-to-work". The former is defined as "an individual's maximal performance under ideal conditions", while the latter is related to the "willingness-to-work", which involves the worker's motivation and satisfaction, and can be increased with compensation systems and fair promotions, for example.

Lipmann was very critical of the scientific management approaches of Frederick Winslow Taylor and Lillian and Frank Gilbreth. He believed that loss of efficiency was related to the lack of interest from the workers, and feared that technological advances would damage the link between the worker and his work, generating more dissatisfaction.