Marie Foster

Marie Priscilla Martin Foster (October 24, 1917 – September 6, 2003) was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. during the 1960s. Her successful voter registration in Dallas County, Alabama fueled her to become an activist, and she began teaching adult classes to help people pass the required literacy tests. She was a member of the Dallas County Voters League, the Alabama foot soldier that convinced Martin Luther King Jr. to come to Selma, Alabama and helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965. Her dedication gave her the moniker "The Mother of the Voting Rights Movement," which was shortened to Mother Foster.

Early life and work

Marie Foster was born Maria Priscilla Martin on October 24, 1917, near Alberta, Alabama in the Black Belt. Like the rest of the South, Wilcox County, Alabama was segregated, and educational opportunities were limited for Black students. Going against her husband, Squire (Square) Martin's wishes, Foster's mother, Virginia Pettiway, moved her and her siblings to Selma to ensure her children got the best education they could.

Though her siblings graduated, Foster dropped out after she met James Foster and got married. She had three children, whom she raised alone after her husband, James Foster's death. Determined to finish her education and provide the best she could for her children, she went back to school, graduating a year after her daughter, Rose. Her dedication to education proved to be important as she fought against the Jim Crow system that denied Black voters from registering throughout the South.

Civil rights movement

Early years of voter registration activism Black voters in the South were subjected to unfair and racist practices by white registrars. Literacy tests and poll taxes prevented most voters at the offices because of the lack of equal pay and education. In some cases, those that attempted to register had their addresses published in the newspaper, which put them at risk of retaliation by whites, including violent attacks and termination of jobs.

Because Marie Foster worked for her brother, who owned his own dental practice, she did not face the high threat level this retaliation like many others would. She was not immune to it or ignored for her work, but her economic independence meant she could work for her right to vote. In 1961 in Dallas County, Alabama, roughly 156 Black people were registered to vote out of 15,000, and only 12 were new registrants since 1954. The Dallas County Voters League, an organization found in the mid-1920s with about a dozen members including Foster, worked closely in gaining the recognition needed to pass two laws in favor of decreasing the obstacles in place to discourage African Americans to vote.

Foster failed the voter registration test eight times before she finally passed and was granted her right to vote. From then on, she dedicated her life to the Civil Rights Movement: "I decided to become involved in the Civil Rights Movement because the race relations were so bad in Selma, I had a vision that we could do something about the bias conditions in Selma, the state, and someday the world."

Foster's education and experience with the literacy tests equipped her with critical skills in preparing other Black residents of the county to pass the test and register voters. She printed flyers inviting people to a literacy class, unsure of how many would come. Many residents feared the repercussions, others were unsure if the movement would be successful. Foster's first class had just one pupil - a 70-year-old man who had never learned to read or write. Foster spent the time teaching him to write his name. Eventually, Foster's patience and knack for teaching spread throughout the area, and more and more people joined the classes to learn from her, trusting that she could help them without making them feel lesser than because they lacked a good education. Foster remarks how on one Thursday night, the same 70-year-old man came, but this time bringing along other individuals, slowly growing the meetings each week. As Foster's literary classes were attempted to be shut down many times, even resulting in Judge James Hare banning groups of three or more from meeting regarding civil rights and dealing with Klansmen's increasing threats. A group known as the "Courageous Eight" with members like Marie Foster, Amelia Boynton, and F.D. Reese refused to stop meeting and instead conducted their regular meetings now in secret. and belonged to its eight-member steering committee, known as the "Courageous Eight".

1963 speech at the First Baptist Church On October 5, 1963, Foster delivered a speech to the individuals gathered at the First Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama. Within the speech, she states the many examples of discrimination both her and fellow African American individuals face while also touching upon the discrimination seen worldwide, ultimately urging members in attendance to "awaken" and push back on discrimination to receive their freedoms. Foster moves on by addressing how some white individuals have started to realize the lack of differences between white and African American individuals stating "But there are places in Alabama that have awakened. They realize the value of the black dollar." The next day on March 8, 1965 the march over the Edmunch Pettus Bridge was reported by the New York Times while news reporters captured the beatings on television for the nation's millions of Americans to view. Despite her injuries, two weeks later, on March 21, 1965, Foster participated in the march that eventually made it all the way to Montgomery, Alabama, successfully walking fifty miles over five days. She was one of the two women to complete it. Located in Selma, Alabama, the museum focuses on voting rights as a whole while also offering an abundance of accounts from individuals who attended the Bloody Sunday march along with items recovered. She fought many mayoral elections to replace the mayor of Selma Joseph Smitherman who was in office during the Selma to Montgomery marches.

Foster was posthumously named an honoree by the National Women's History Alliance in 2020.