Louis Malle

Louis Marie Malle (; 30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French filmmaker who worked in France and Hollywood. Described as "eclectic" and "difficult to pin down", his works often depict provocative or controversial subject matter.

Malle's most famous works include the crime thriller Elevator to the Gallows (1958), the romantic drama The Lovers (1958), the World War II drama Lacombe, Lucien (1974), the period drama Pretty Baby (1978), the romantic crime film Atlantic City (1980), the dramedy My Dinner with Andre (1981), and the autobiographical Au revoir les enfants (1987). He also co-directed the landmark underwater documentary The Silent World with Jacques Cousteau, which won the 1956 Palme d'Or and the 1957 Academy Award for Best Documentary.

Critic Pauline Kael once wrote that the common quality of Malle's films was the "restless intelligence one senses in them".

Malle is one of only four directors to have won the Golden Lion twice. His other accolades include three César Awards, two BAFTAs, and three Oscar nominations. He was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1991.

Life and career Early years and education Malle was born into a wealthy industrialist family in Thumeries, Nord, France, the son of Françoise (Béghin) and Pierre Malle. He was part Jewish, but raised as a Catholic.

During World War II, Malle attended a Catholic boarding school near Fontainebleau. As an 11-year-old he witnessed a Gestapo raid on the school, in which three Jewish students, including his close friend, and a Jewish teacher were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz. The school's headmaster, Père Jacques, was arrested for harboring them and sent to the concentration camp at Mauthausen. Malle depicted these events in his autobiographical film Au revoir les enfants (1987).

As a young man, Malle studied political science at Sciences Po from 1950 to 1952 (some sources incorrectly state that he studied at the Sorbonne) before turning to film studies at IDHEC.

Career Malle worked as co-director and cameraman with Jacques Cousteau on the documentary The Silent World (1956), which won an Oscar and the at the 1956 Academy Awards and Cannes Film Festival, respectively. He assisted Robert Bresson on A Man Escaped (Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut, 1956) before making his first feature, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud in 1957 (released in the U.K. as Lift to the Scaffold and in the U.S. originally as Frantic, later as Elevator to the Gallows). A taut thriller featuring an original score by Miles Davis, Ascenseur pour l'échafaud made an international film star of Jeanne Moreau, at the time a leading stage actress of the Comédie-Française. Malle was 24 years old.

Malle's The Lovers (Les Amants, 1958), which also starred Moreau, caused major controversy due to its sexual content, leading to a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case about the legal definition of obscenity. In Jacobellis v. Ohio, a theater owner was fined $2,500 for obscenity. The Supreme Court overturned the decision, finding that the film was not obscene and hence constitutionally protected. But the court could not agree on a definition of "obscene", with Justice Potter Stewart famously saying, "I know it when I see it".

Malle is sometimes associated with the nouvelle vague, but his work does not directly fit in with or correspond to the auteurist theories that apply to the work of Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Claude Chabrol, Éric Rohmer, and others, and he had nothing to do with Cahiers du cinéma. But Malle's work does exemplify some of the movement's characteristics, such as using natural light and shooting on location, and his film Zazie dans le Métro (Zazie in the Metro, 1960, an adaptation of the Raymond Queneau novel) inspired Truffaut to write Malle an enthusiastic letter.

Other films also tackled taboo subjects: The Fire Within (also called Le Feu Follet) centers on a man about to commit suicide. Critic Pauline Kael said it should have solidified Malle's reputation in the U.S. as a great film director but suggested that its commercial failure may have been due to distribution issues. Concentrating on real India, its rituals and festivities, Malle fell afoul of the Indian government, which disliked his portrayal of the country, in its fascination with the pre-modern, and consequently banned the BBC from filming in India for several years. Malle later said his documentary on India was his favorite film. From mid-1977 until early 1980, he was in a relationship with Susan Sarandon.

Malle married actress Candice Bergen in 1980. They had one child, Chloé Françoise Malle, on 8 November 1985. Malle died of lymphoma, aged 63, at their home in Beverly Hills, California, on 23 November 1995.

Works Film Short film Year Title Director Writer Notes 1953 Crazeologie 1954 Station 307 Also cinematographer 1968 William Wilson Segment of Spirits of the Dead

Feature film Year Title Director Writer Producer1958 Elevator to the Gallows The Lovers 1960 Zazie in the Metro 1962 A Very Private Affair 1963 The Fire Within 1965 Viva Maria! 1967 The Thief of Paris 1971 Murmur of the Heart 1974 Lacombe, Lucien 1975 Black Moon 1978 Pretty Baby 1980 Atlantic City 1981 My Dinner with Andre 1984 Crackers 1985 Alamo Bay 1987 Au revoir les enfants 1990 May Fools 1992 Damage 1994 Vanya on 42nd Street

Acting credits Year Title Role 1962 A Very Private Affair A journalist 1969 A Very Curious Girl Jésus 1992 La Vie de Bohème

Documentary film Year Title Director Writer Notes 1956 The Silent World Co-directed with Jacques Cousteau 1962 Vive le Tour Also cinematographer 1969 Calcutta Also narrator 1973 Human, Too Human 1974 Place de la République Appeared as himself 1976 Close Up Short film 1986 And the Pursuit of Happiness Also cinematographer and narrator

Television Year Title Notes 1964 Bons baisers de Bangkok Short film 1969 Phantom India Miniseries; Also narrator 1985 God's Country Also cinematographer and narrator

As himself Year Title Note 1994 Murphy Brown Episode "My Movie with Louis"

Accolades (1956) Cannes Film Festival Winner The Lovers (1958) Venice Film Festival Special Jury Prize Winner Le Feu follet (1963) Venice Film Festival Special Jury Prize Winner Venice Film Festival Italian Film Critics Award Winner The Thief of Paris (1967) 5th Moscow International Film Festival official selection Calcutta (1969) Cannes Film Festival Official Selection Melbourne International Film Festival: Grand Prix Winner Murmur of the Heart (1971) Cannes Film Festival Official Selection Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay Nomination Lacombe, Lucien (1974) BAFTA Award for Best Direction Nomination Pretty Baby (1978) Cannes Film Festival Technical Grand Prize Winner Atlantic City (1981) Venice Film Festival Golden Lion Winner Academy Award for Best Director Nomination Academy Award for Best Picture Nomination Golden Globe Award for Best Director Nomination BAFTA Award for Best Direction Winner Crackers (1984) Berlin Film Festival Official Selection Goodbye, Children (1987) Venice Film Festival Golden Lion Winner Venice Film Festival OCIC Award Winner Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay Nomination BAFTA Award for Best Direction Winner BAFTA Award for Best Film Nomination BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay Nomination César Awards Best Film Winner César Awards Best Director Winner César Awards Best Original Screenplay or Adaptation Winner European Film Awards Best Screenwriter Winner European Film Awards Best Film Nomination European Film Awards Best Director Nomination