Yusuf Adil Shah

Yusuf Adil Shah (1450 – 5 December 1510), referred as Yusuf Adil Khan or Hidalcão by the Portuguese, was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur for nearly two centuries. As the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah is credited with developing the town of Bijapur and elevating it to significant status.

Legends of origin Yusuf Adil Shah may have been a Georgian slave who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan. Other historians mentioned him of Persian or Turkmen origin. According to the narrative presented by contemporary historian Firishta, Yusuf was a son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad II, although this is considered unfounded by modern historians. Another theory states he was a Turkman of the Aq-Quyunlu. He was later widely regarded as Yusuf Adil Khan. He was also the leader of the foreigners, or Afaqis in the conflict between them and the Deccanis (local nobility) which resulted in the murder of Prime minister Mahmud Gawan in 1481. Following his execution, Yusuf vacated his position as Governor of Daulatabad to seize the former territories held by Mahmud Gawan of Bijapur and Belgaum. He would come in great conflict soon after this with his enemy, Malik Naib, leader of the Deccani party.

In 1489, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur. He waged war against the Vijayanagar empire, as also against Bijapur's Muslim neighbours.

Yusuf Adil Shah is personally responsible for building the imposing citadel or Arkilla and the palace named Faroukh Mahal. Yusuf was a man of culture and invited poets and artisans from Persia, Turkey and Rome to his court. He was also an accomplished musician and scholar with deep religious tolerance that was reflected in art and architecture from this time.

Both Yusuf and his son Ismail did not use the title Adil Shah in front of their name, and instead used Adil Khan to respect the Bahmanis, who used Shah in their names. Ibrahim Adil Shah I formally claimed the Bijapur sultanate's independence from the Bahmanis in 1538, although it had been in practice independent since 1490, and became the first ruler in the Bijapur Sultanate to use Adil Shah in his name. Ismail Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur; Mariam Sultan, married Burhan Nizam Shah I, Sultan of Ahmednagar; Khadija Sultan, married Aladdin Imad Shah, Sultan of Berar; Bibi Sati, married Ahmad Shah, son of Mahmood Shah Bahmani II;