Tadj ol-Molouk of Iran

Tâdj ol-Molouk (; 17 March 1896 – 10 March 1982) was the Queen of Iran and second wife of Reza Shah, the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941. The title she was given after becoming queen means "Crown of the Kings" in the Persian language. She was the first queen in Iran after the Muslim conquest in the seventh century to have participated in public royal representation, and she played a major role in the kashf-e hijab (ban of the veil) in 1936.

Biography She was the daughter of Brigadier General Teymūr Khan Ayromlou, of the Turkic Ayrum tribe, and his wife Malek os-Soltan.

Her marriage with Reza Khan took place in 1916. It was arranged and proved an advantage in the military career of Reza Khan at the time, due to the connections of her father, enabling him to advance in the Cossack hierarchy. Together, they had four children: Shams, Mohammad Reza, the last Shah of Iran, and his twin sister Ashraf, and Ali Reza.

On 23 February 1921, Reza Khan took power in a coup in Tehran.

Queen

On 15 December 1925, her spouse declared himself Shahanshah (King of Kings), and she was granted the title Malekeh (Queen).

Privately, Tadj ol-Molouk did not live with Reza Shah at this point, as he reportedly devoted his time to his other wives, Turan Amirsoleimani, and, from 1923, Esmat Dowlatshahi. Neither did she involve herself in politics on her own initiative. However, it was she who was given the position of Queen during his reign, which signified an important role in his policy on women. She was the first Queen of Iran to have played a public role, and to have performed an official position out in public society.

Her role as a queen participating in public representational duties had great importance within the new policy of women's role in Iran, as it was the policy of her husband to increase women's participation in society as a method of modernization, in accordance with the example of Turkey.

In 1928, the queen attended the Fatima Masumeh Shrine during her pilgrimage in Qom wearing a veil which did not cover her completely and showed her face, for which she was harshly criticised by a cleric. In response, Reza Shah publicly beat the cleric who had criticised the queen the next day. The reform to allow female teachers and students not to veil, as well as allowing female students to study alongside men, were all reforms opposed and criticised by the Shia clergy.

During the reign of her husband she played an important role in the abolition of the veil in Iran: the Kashf-e hijab. The unveiling of women had a huge symbolic importance to achieve women's participation in society, and the shah introduced the reform gradually so as not to cause unrest: while women teachers were encouraged to unveil in 1933 and schoolgirls and female students in 1935, the official declaration of unveiling were made on 8 January 1936, and the queen and her daughters were given an important role in this event. They returned to Iran after the fall of Mossadegh in 1953.

During her son's reign, Tadj ol-Molouk did not normally participate in royal representation, in contrast to her daughters and daughter-in-law, nor did she participate much in charity. She did not fully attend the coronation of the shah on 26 October 1967, attending only the reception following it rather than the coronation itself. She did arrange two receptions in her palace annually: one to celebrate the birthday of her eldest grandson, and one to celebrate the fall of Mossadegh. When the health of the shah was beginning to deteriorate in 1971, this was not admitted, and the official reason for physicians to visit the palace was for the sake of the elderly Tadj ol-Molouk.

Before the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Tadj ol-Molouk was sent by Mohammad Reza Shah to Princess Shams Pahlavi's house in Beverly Hills. She arrived in Los Angeles on 30 December 1978 aboard an Imperial Iranian Air Force Boeing 747. Soon after her arrival, on 2 January 1979, Iranian students in the city attacked the house and attempted to burn it. Then she and her daughter took refuge at the Sunnylands estate in Palm Springs owned by Walter Annenberg, former US ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Honours National House of Pahlavi: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Light of the Aryans House of Pahlavi: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pleiades, 1st Class House of Pahlavi: Former Grand Mistress Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of Aftab House of Pahlavi: Former Grand Mistress Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pleiades, 1st Class House of Pahlavi: Recipient of the Emperor Reza Shah I Coronation Medal House of Pahlavi: Recipient of the Commemorative Medal of the 2,500 year Celebration of the Persian Empire House of Pahlavi: Recipient of the Emperor Reza Shah I Centennial Medal

Foreign Kingdom of Egypt, Egyptian Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Virtues, Supreme Class