Robert John Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir

Robert John Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir (born 7 September 1956), is a Scottish judge who has been President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since January 2020. He has served as a Justice of the Supreme Court since February 2012, and was Deputy President of that Court for the 19 months immediately prior to his appointment as president. He was the principal judge in the Commercial Court in Scotland before being promoted to the Inner House of the Court of Session in 2008. He is an authority on human rights law in Scotland and elsewhere; he served as one of the UK's ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights. He was also, until 2022, a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong. In January 2026, Reed announced that he would retire from the Supreme Court on 10 January 2027.

Early life Reed was educated at George Watson's College in Edinburgh (where he was dux), and studied at the School of Law of the University of Edinburgh, taking a first-class honours LLB degree and winning a Vans Dunlop Scholarship. He then obtained a DPhil degree at Balliol College, Oxford, with a doctoral thesis on "Legal Control of Government Assistance to Industry", and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1983.

Legal career Reed was Standing Junior Counsel to the Scottish Education Department from 1988 to 1989, and to the Scottish Office Home and Health Department from 1989 to 1995. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1995, and Advocate Depute in 1996. He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice, a judge of the Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary, the country's College of Justice, in 1998, with the judicial title Lord Reed. He sat initially as a Judge of the Outer House, becoming Principal Commercial Judge in 2006. He has been one of the United Kingdom's ad hoc judges at the European Court of Human Rights, and sat in the Grand Chamber judgements on the appeals of the killers of James Bulger in 1999.

Between 2002 and 2004, Reed was an expert advisor to the EU/Council of Europe Joint Initiative with Turkey. He was promoted to the Inner House (First Division) in 2008, and appointed to the Privy Council. and succeeded Lord Rodger.

He has been Chairman of the Franco-British Judicial Co-operation Committee since 2005, and was President of the EU Forum of Judges for the Environment from 2006 to 2008, now serving as vice-president. He was a member of the advisory board of the British Institute for International and Comparative Law from 2001 to 2006, and of the UN Task Force on Access to Justice since 2006. He is Convener of the charity Children in Scotland (since 2006) and Chairman of the University of Edinburgh Centre for Commercial Law (since 2008). He has been an Honorary Professor of Law at Glasgow Caledonian University since 2005, and the School of Law of the University of Glasgow since 2006. He was sworn in on 6 February 2012.

Lord Reed was Convener of the Children in Scotland Board from February 2006–March 2012. On 31 May 2017, he assumed office as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong.

Reed was appointed Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in May 2018, succeeding Lord Mance on his retirement. He was sworn into the new position on 6 June 2018.

On 25 January 2019, he was made an Honorary Fellow of The Academy of Experts in recognition of his contribution and work for Expert Witnesses. On 24 July 2019, the Queen declared her intention to appoint him President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, and to raise him to peerage. He succeeded Baroness Hale of Richmond as president on 11 January 2020 on her retirement, and on the same day was created a life peer as Baron Reed of Allermuir, of Sundridge Park in the London Borough of Bromley. He was sworn in as president on 13 January and introduced to the House of Lords on 16 January.

Writing for the UK Constitutional Law Association, Lewis Graham of the University of Oxford examined the empirical evidence relating to judgments of the Supreme Court under Reed up to April 2022, and found that it has been "more conservative when it comes to public law" compared to previous years.

On 30 March 2022, Reed tendered his resignation from the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, citing concerns about the national security law in Hong Kong.

On 16 January 2026, Reed announced that he would retire from the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom on 10 January 2027.

Notable judgments Lord Reed's judgments are characterised by an in-depth analysis of the common law. He has handed down judgements on various important topics of the law:

AXA General Insurance Ltd v Lord Advocate UKSC 46: On the limits on the Scottish Parliament's powers Osborn v The Parole Board UKSC 61, 3 WLR 1020: On common law duty of procedural fairness Bank Mellat v Her Majesty's Treasury (No. 2) UKSC 39, 1 AC 700 (Dissenting) AIB Group (UK) plc v Mark Redler & Co Solicitors UKSC 58, 3 WLR 1367: On the causation requirement for a breach of trust R (Bourgass) v Secretary of State for Justice UKSC 54, AC 384 Hesham Ali (Iraq) v Home Secretary UKSC 60, 1 WLR 4799 R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union UKSC 5, AC 61 (Dissenting): Lord Reed wrote the leading dissenting judgment in the Article 50 litigation, holding that the Government could initiate the UK's withdrawal from the European Union without reference to Parliament Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners UKSC 29; AC 275 R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor UKSC 51, 3 WLR 409: Declaring employment tribunal fees set by Lord Chancellor unlawful Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police UKSC 4, AC 736: the duty of care owed by police officers under the common law Morris-Garner & Anor v One Step (Support) Ltd UKSC 20, AC 649: On the availability of negotiating damages for breach of contract Jonathan Lu & Others v Paul Chan Mo-Po & Another HKCFA 11, (2018) 21 HKCFAR 94: On the concept of malice in the common law of defamation in the context of qualified privilege R (Miller) v Prime Minister UKSC 41, AC 373: Declaring the prorogation of Prime Minister Boris Johnson as unlawful (joint judgment with Lady Hale) WM Morrison Supermarkets plc v Various Claimants UKSC 12, 2 WLR 941: On vicarious liability Sevilleja v Marex Financial Ltd UKSC 31, AC 39: on the rule against reflective loss R (Begum) v Special Immigration Appeals Commission & Anor UKSC 7, 2 WLR 556: On whether Shamima Begum should be returned to the United Kingdom to challenge the Home Secretary's decision to deprive her nationality R (AAA) v Secretary of State for the Home Department UKSC 42: Declaring the Secretary of State for the Home Department's 'Rwanda policy' to send asylum-seekers in the UK to Rwanda to have their claims processed there instead as unlawful.

Honours and awards In 2015 Reed was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Lord Reed is High Steward of the University of Oxford and succeeded Lord Rodger as Visitor of Balliol College, Oxford.

Personal life He married Jane Mylne, Lady Reed in 1988, with whom he has two daughters.