Margaretta Louisa Lemon

Margaretta "Etta" Louisa Lemon (; 22 November 1860 – 8 July 1953) was an English bird conservationist and a founding member of what is now the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).

She was born into an evangelical Christian family in Kent, and after her father's death she increasingly campaigned against the use of plumage in hatmaking which had led to billions of birds being killed for their feathers. She may have been part of the Fur, Fin and Feather Folk with Eliza Phillips in Croydon and Catherine Victoria Hall in London in 1889, which two years later merged with Emily Williamson's Manchester-based Society for the Protection of Birds (SPB), also founded in 1889. The new organisation adopted the SPB title, and the constitution for the merged society was written by Frank Lemon, who became its legal adviser. Etta married Frank Lemon in 1892, and as Mrs Lemon she became the first honorary secretary of the SPB, a post she kept until 1904, when the society became the RSPB.

The Lemons led the RSPB for more than three decades, although Etta's conservatism, authoritarian management and opposition to scientific ornithology increasingly led to clashes with the organisation's committee. She was pressured to resign from her leadership role in 1938, aged 79. During her tenure, the Importation of Plumage (Prohibition) Act 1921 restricted the international trade in feathers, but did not prevent their being sold or worn.

Lemon was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1920 for her management of the Redhill War Hospital during the First World War. She worked for many other organisations, including the Royal Earlswood Hospital, the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, and the local Red Cross branch. Lemon was one of the first four female honorary members of the British Ornithologists' Union (BOU) admitted in 1909, although she never considered herself to be an ornithologist. She died at Redhill aged 92 in 1953 and was buried next to her husband at Reigate cemetery.

Early life Margaretta Louisa Smith was born on 22 November 1860 in Hythe, Kent, to William Elisha Smith and Louisa Smith ( Barclay). William Smith was a captain of musketry in the Royal Sherwood Fusiliers, later to become the Sherwood Foresters, and was adjutant at the musketry training school in Hythe. Etta was the oldest of three children, followed by her brother Edward and sister Woltera Mercy. Etta's mother had a stillborn baby in 1866 and died giving birth in 1867, along with the newborn child. Her father married 26-year-old Mary Anne Wollaston later in the same year. Etta and Mercy (the names that the sisters preferred to be called) initially lived with their father and stepmother at their new home in Blackheath, then a Kenitsh village ten km to the south-east of London. At about this time, Captain Smith left the army. From 1868 until his death in 1899, he served as honorary secretary of the Evangelisation Society, which aimed to promote the gospel in hard-to-reach situations.

After returning to Blackheath aged 18, Etta joined her father in his evangelical work, writing pamphlets and accompanying him on daily train journeys to London, where she learned to speak in public at evangelical meetings. On these journeys, they often met William Lemon and his son, both lawyers. The younger Lemon shared Etta's views on cruelty to animals and the practice of using birds in hat-making (then called millinery).

The feather trade

A major threat to birds from the late eighteenth century (Legend attributes the start of the fashion to Marie Antoinette.) At its peak, the British trade was worth £20 million annually, around £204 million at 2021 prices.

Anti-plume movements Smith was inspired by Scottish naturalist Eliza Brightwen's Wild Nature Won by Kindness (1890) on the killing of birds for the plume trade. At church she would see women who were wearing feathered hats, and send them a note explaining how birds were killed to make them. There is no evidence that she worked with the wildlife activist Eliza Phillips, before 1891 although at some point the women must have communicated with Emily Williamson possibly in response to Emily's letters to newspapers. Other women included the wealthy, unmarried Catherine Hall, and the 15-year-old Hannah Poland, a fish merchant's daughter. Members pledged not to wear the feathers of any bird not killed for food, excepting the ostrich, which was farmed for its plumes. The organisation had a subscription of two pence, and in its first year its membership was nearly 5,000.

In 1891 the Society for the Protection of Birds (SPB), founded in 1889 by philanthropist Emily Williamson at Didsbury, Manchester moved south to London. Although the organisation continued with the SPB title, in practice the London group provided all of its administration. The constitution for the society was written by Frank Lemon, who also served as its legal advisor. Etta married Lemon in 1892, and as Mrs Lemon she became the second honorary secretary succeeding Hannah Poland, a post she kept until 1904.

The SPB had its own office in London by 1897, and sent more than 16,000 letters and 50,000 leaflets; it had 20,000 members by the following year.

Two earlier campaigning organisations founded in 1885, the Selborne League and the Plumage League, had amalgamated in the following year as the Selborne Society, but were soon outstripped by the SPB because of the latter organisation's extensive network of local branches and its single-issue focus.

RSPB

From 1891 to her death in 1954, the president of the SPB was Winifred Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland. Teetotaler, vegetarian and a supporter of many humanitarian causes, she was important to the society because of her aristocratic connections. consort of Edward VII, and her Duke was Master of the Horse, both roles that placed the couple close to the monarchy. The duchess left Etta Lemon to deal with much of her correspondence on bird matters.

In 1904, the queen gave her approval for the SPB to be incorporated by Royal Charter and become the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RSPB. Lemon could not continue as honorary secretary since the charter excluded women from leading the organisation. She therefore conducted the society's daily business as the honorary secretary of the society's publishers and watchers committees. Her previous position was taken up by Frank Lemon, and the couple remained in their posts for the next 31 years.

A bill to control the trade in feathers was unsuccessfully introduced in parliament in 1908. Feathers were among the luxury items whose import was banned from February 1917 for the duration of the First World War. In July 1919, Lemon and the Duchess of Portland delivered a letter signed by 150 men, including celebrities such as H. G. Wells and Thomas Hardy, to the president of the Board of Trade, Sir Auckland Geddes, asking that the war-time restriction on the importation of plumage should be continued until legislation was passed. Geddes replied that the import restriction would continue "as long as possible" and that he "hoped" that the bill would be passed early in 1920. The Importation of Plumage (Prohibition) Act was passed in 1921 and received royal assent on 1 April 1922. The Act had limited effect, since it only banned the import of feathers, not the sale or wearing of plumes. When the secretary of the RSPB, Linda Gardiner, retired in 1935, there was a proposal to replace her with a man, apparently to give the society greater acceptability. This idea was opposed by the two women assistant secretaries Beatrice Solly and Lemon's niece Phyllis Barclay-Smith. Lemon did not support the women assistants' plea for gender equality, and when they threatened to resign, she accepted their resignations, and did not give their names when she mentioned their departure in the society's magazine.

Lemon soon came under scrutiny in The Field where an editorial in 1936 questioned the Society's inaction on cage birds, its gambling on real estate investment, its high expenditure, and its elderly management. This led to the establishment of a six-member committee headed by Julian Huxley of the Zoological Society of London that proposed changes in the management which included fixed terms for elected members. These rules came into effect in 1960, well after Lemon's death.

Other activities

Apart from the anti-plumage organisations, the other mass female-based movement at the turn of the century was women's suffrage, spearheaded in the UK by Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union. Many of the conservative and religious leaders of the SPB were opposed to women's suffrage, and many suffragettes wore plumed hats as a badge of identity. An 1896 SPB pamphlet A Woman's Question written by Blanche Atkinson and distributed by Lemon noted that the wearing of plumes by women was a good reason to deny the right to vote: "if women are so empty-headed and stupid that they cannot be made to understand the cruelty of which they are guilty in that matter, they certainly prove themselves to be unfit to be voters, and to enter the learned professions on equal terms with men." Lemon became a committee member of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League founded in 1908.

Lemon also worked with the Royal Earlswood Hospital in Redhill, Surrey, one of the first establishments to cater specifically for people with developmental disabilities, and the Crescent House Convalescent Home, Brighton.

In 1911, Frank Lemon became mayor of Reigate, and as lady mayoress, Etta became involved in his civic duties, including organising a Christmas party for 100 children. She was a quartermaster of the local Red Cross branch, member of the workhouse board of guardians, and treasurer of the Children's Care Association.

In 1917, during the First World War, the British Army requisitioned Redhill workhouse infirmary as a war hospital, and Lemon, now 57, was appointed as its commandant in charge of 50 staff and 80 patients. She raised funds for a recreation room, rest chairs and 100 feeding cups for her patients.

Lemon died at Redhill on 8 July 1953 aged 92, and was buried next to her husband at St Mary's Church Cemetery, Reigate. Her estate was valued at probate at £13,770 5s 5d. the others were the Duchess of Bedford, Dorothea Bate and Emma Turner.

Lemon's selflessness won her the admiration of many, particularly her watchers and the soldiers from the war hospital, but her conservatism and authoritarian methods earned her the nickname of "The Dragon" at the RSPB. Perhaps due to this, recognition of her work decreased after her death, but from 2018 her reputation began to be rehabilitated. Her picture now hangs in the RSPB headquarters and she is featured on its website. In 2021, Nature's Home, the RSPB magazine, published an article commemorating the women who founded the society, Lemon, Williamson, Phillips and Winifred Portland.

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