Jack Kavanagh

John Patrick Marcus Kavanagh (12 July 1879 – 6 July 1964) was a socialist leader in Canada and Australia.

Political activism in Canada He was a leading member of the Socialist Party of Canada from 1908 to 1921. At the founding meeting of the Worker's Party of Canada, which was the public face of the underground Communist Party of Canada, he was elected to the National Executive Committee of the party in February 1922.

Political activism in Australia Kavanagh moved to Australia in 1925, arriving on May Day, and quickly became a central leader of the Communist Party of Australia. The party at the time was in disarray, with membership having shrunk to around 280 and a rapid turnover of activists. Under Kavanagh's leadership, the CPA introduced an education program, shifted its focus toward building a base in the workplaces, and established the Militant Women's Group, which organised Australia's first International Women's Day in 1928. Lance Sharkey, who later became party leader, accused Kavanagh of using "Tammany tactics" to control the 1927 congress, of "cowardly capitulation" during a timber strike when he called off a march of strikers, and of opposing the Comintern's line on electoral politics by arguing that "Moscow knows nothing of Australia." At the 1929 conference, Kavanagh called the Comintern's position "a lot of tripe" before being defeated by the faction loyal to Moscow.

He was expelled from the party in January 1931, readmitted, and then expelled a second time in 1934 after being accused of Trotskyism. In June 1934, the Central Committee of the CPA charged Kavanagh with holding opinions hostile to the Comintern and the party, specifically citing his refusal to label Leon Trotsky an "absolute counter-revolutionary" and his suggestion that a proposed Fourth International was not inherently counter-revolutionary. In his defence, Kavanagh argued that disagreeing with a designation from the Comintern did not constitute opposition to the general party line, and he criticised the party's leadership for what he saw as a "concept of infallibility" contrary to the principles of Marx and Lenin.