Helmut Roloff

Helmut Roloff (9 October 1912 – 29 September 2001) was a German pianist, recording artist, teacher and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. In September 1942 Roloff was arrested in Berlin in the roundup of an anti-Nazi resistance group allegedly at the centre of a wider European espionage network identified by the Abwehr under the cryptonym the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle). Covered by comrades who persuaded their interrogators that his contact with the group had been unwitting, he was spared execution and released. In post-war West Berlin, Roloff taught at the Academy of Music (Hochschule für Musik Berlin). After serving as the school's director, he retired in 1978.

Early life, witness to Nazi persecution Roloff was born in university and garrison town of Giessen in Hesse-Darmstadt where his father, Gustav Roloff, was a professor of history (a student of European colonial policy and the continental balance of power). His mother, Elisabeth, was musically gifted and introduced her son to the piano, but he first pursued studies in law.

After the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933, as a regular guest in the home of the Leipzig jurist Leo Rosenberg, Roloff witnessed the effects of the newly licensed harassment of Jewish people. He began to think of music as a career in which he would not be as directly compromised by the law's corruption. Meanwhile life for Roloff and his parents was becoming impossible in Giessen. On the day of the first Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, 1 April 1933, his father conspicuously walked with a Jewish colleague through the centre of town. But in the university Roloff recalls "a great rush as the sheep willingly joined the SA [...] I don't think there was a single one of my friends and acquaintances who didn't join". In 1936 the family moved to the greater anonymity of Berlin.

In 1935 Roloff graduated from the Hochschule für Musik (HfM, today the Universität der Künste Berlin, Fakultät 3), from which Jewish teachers such as Leonid Kreutzer, Emanuel Feuermann, and Artur Schnabel had already been dismissed and expelled. Roloff studied with Richard Rössler and later, in 1938, privately with Wladimir Horbowski who introduced him to the Mendelssohn family. otherwise thought to be, next to lawyers for whom there was little choice, the most Nazified of the professions). Roloff was among the exceptions, not only in refusing party membership but also in deciding he had to do something against the regime.

Taken to Gestapo headquarters in Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, Roloff was held shackled for two weeks in a basement cell. During his interrogations, he insisted that he had thought the case contained apples or other illegal gifts of food from Himpel's patients. He was whispered encouragement by an officer Roloff suspected of having been a regular policeman: "You've presented your case quite well. Now stick with it". and a polemic entitled "Fear for Germany's future grips the people" (Die Sorge um Deutschlands Zukunft geht durch das Volk). Roloff also dropped this leaflet in mail boxes across the district of Dahlem. Written by Harro Schulze-Boysen with assistance from John Sieg, it was signed "AGIS". Roloff recalled that it offered a "very strong critique of the Nazis":

Recipients were urged to "send this letter out into the world as often as you can! Pass it on to friends and workmates!" and were assured: "You are not alone! Start fighting of your own accord, then in groups. TOMORROW GERMANY WILL BE OURS!"

Roloff and his group had also tried to provide practical assistance to Jews still living in Berlin. They secured personal papers and supplied forged documentation. That, nonetheless, was the suspicion of the western-sector Allies. They noted that he maintained contacts in the Soviet sector of Berlin, and had been a guest of the Polish military mission.

The post-war view of the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen network remained very much that which had been drawn by their interrogators. As late as 1969, the testimony and records of Gestapo, and of the Reich Military Tribunal (Reichskriegsgericht), officials informed a series on the "history of the Red Orchestra espionage ring" in the weekly Der Spiegel. Under a picture of German eastern-front military graves, it asked whether "hundred of thousands of soldiers" had been "betrayed by the Red Orchestra?" The East German regime reinforced the view of the group as a Communist cell by manipulating the group's history to fit their own agenda, specifically to reinforce the German-Soviet friendship and to legitimise their own espionage activity as anti-fascist.

Roloff rarely spoke of his wartime experience until he was extensively interviewed by his son Stefan beginning in 1998. Although he had not been party to it, his group had engaged in military espionage (three months before their arrests, Graudenz and Harro Schulze-Boysen had tried to communicate to the British that the Germans had broken their naval communications code), and proved their undoing: the Abwehr intercepted contact details for Adman Kuckoff and for the Schulz-Boysons radioed by Moscow to an agent in Brussels.

Stefan Roloff's subsequent research confirmed what others have found. The Red Orchestra was largely a Cold-War myth tying together disparate groups of resisters and dissidents neither directed by the Soviets nor co-ordinated among themselves.

In 2009 the German Bundestag unanimously agreed to vacate all war-time convictions of treason under National Socialism and to rehabilitate their victims.

Post-war career After the end of the war in 1945, Roloff found a position in the re-established Berlin Academy of Music (Hochschule für Musik Berlin) in Charlottenburg. He was appointed professor in 1950, full professor in 1953, and director of the school in 1970. In 1975 the school was incorporated in the Berlin University of Arts (Hochschule der Künste Berlin) of which Roloff, on his retirement in 1978, was made an honorary senator.

Roloff worked as a concert pianist and piano teacher throughout his life. He championed the modernists denied performance during the Third Reich. Six months from the end of the war, Berliner Rundfunk broadcast Roloff playing Sergei Prokofiev. From the summer of 1947 he led seminars in contemporary music at the new International Institute for Music in Darmstadt beginning with performances of Paul Hindemith and Manuel de Falla. But above all Roloff cultivated the classical-romantic repertoire. Mendelssohn, Mozart, Weber and Schubert.

In 1990, Roloff received the Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, from the Japanese government for his contributions to Japanese music, including teaching Takahiro Sonoda, Toyoaki Matsuura and other Japanese pianists.

Helmut Roloff died in his home in Berlin on 29 September 2001. He was survived by his wife Inge Roloff, his sons Stefan Roloff (artist and film maker), Ulrich Roloff (flutist), and Johannes Roloff (pianist).

Stefan Roloff wrote a wartime biography of his father and of the Red Orchestra, published by the Ullstein Press in 2004. His film documentary, The Red Orchestra, was nominated for Best Foreign Film 2005 by the US Women Critics Circle.