Arthur L. Welsh

Arthur L. "Al" Welsh (August 14, 1881 – June 11, 1912) was a Russian-born American pioneer aviator who became the first flight instructor for the Wright Brothers. He was killed in an aircrash in 1912.

Early life He was born as Laibel Welcher on August 14, 1881, in Kiev, Ukraine, which was then part of the Russian Empire. He was one of six children of Abraham and Dvora Welcher. In 1890, the family emigrated to Philadelphia, speaking no English. He attended both public school and Hebrew school there. His father died when he was 13 years old and he was sent to Washington, D.C., to live with relatives shortly after his mother remarried. He was a top student who did best in math and mechanics, and was excellent at swimming. He worked there as an instructor and test pilot alongside pioneers Frank Trenholm Coffyn and Ralph Johnstone. There he taught students including Hap Arnold, who would become a five-star general leading the United States Army Air Corps during World War II. He set multiple records for flight time and altitude and won several flying competitions.

Death Welsh died in a crash on June 11, 1912, while flying with Leighton Wilson Hazelhurst, Jr. at the United States Army Aviation School in College Park, Maryland, on a Wright Model C that had recently been purchased by the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps. The United States Army Signal Corps had established a series of ten acceptance tests for the aircraft, and Welsh and Hazelhurst were taking the Model C on a climbing test, the next to last in the series required by the Army. Shortly after takeoff, the plane pitched over while making a turn and fell to the ground, killing both crew members. They had both been ejected from their seats, with Welsh suffering a crushed skull and Hazelhurst a broken neck.

A board of inquiry was formed by the United States Secretary of War Henry Lewis Stimson, which concluded that Welsh was at fault in the crash, having risen to 150 feet, with the plan to dive at a 45-degree angle in order to gain momentum for a climb, but had made the dive too soon, with the board's results reported in the June 29, 1912, issue of Scientific American. In a 2003 interview, a cousin of Welsh's reported the family's belief that the tests were run too rapidly and that Welsh was doomed to fail by carrying too much fuel and a passenger, giving a craft that would be unable to make the planned maneuver with the weight it was carrying.

Personal life Welsh's funeral was held on June 13 at Adas Israel Congregation in Washington, D.C., then an Orthodox Jewish synagogue, with services led by the congregation's cantor Joseph Glushak. The funeral was attended by Orville Wright and his sister Katharine, who had traveled from Dayton, Ohio, and who were still in mourning for their brother Wilbur, who had died less than two weeks earlier. Welsh was buried at the Adas Israel Cemetery in the Douglass neighborhood of Washington, D.C.

Welsh was survived by his wife Annie, who died in 1926, and by their two-year-old daughter Ailene. His daughter lived into her 90s, living in England and adopting the name Abigail, but keeping the last name Welsh. In a 2003 interview she recalled the warmth and kindness of members of what she called the "Wright Circle", and how she had crawled through the legs of Hap Arnold as a toddler when he visited the family home. She expressed her regret that "I wish I had known my father. I heard so many good things about him."

In his 1949 book Global Mission, Hap Arnold credited Welsh with having "taught me all he knew, or rather, he had taught me all he could teach. He knew much more."

Welsh grew up in the same Washington D.C. neighborhood, Southwest, as another Russian immigrant, Asa Yoelson, later better known as the singer Al Jolson.