Archy Lee

Archy Lee (1840–1873), was an African American man born into enslavement; and was later part of a series of notable 19th-century court cases that defined civil rights in the state of California.

Biography Archy Lee was born in 1840 in Mississippi, he was an African American born into slavery. Lee's slave owner, Charles Stovall, brought Lee with him to Sacramento, California on October 2, 1857. While in California, Stovall rented out Lee for his wages. Lee took refuge in the home of Charles Hackett and Charles Parker, two politically active African Americans in Sacramento who operated a hotel, the Hackett House (on Third Street between K and L).

Stovall had Lee arrested, but a prominent civil rights attorney, Edwin B. Crocker defended Lee, and in decision on January 26, 1858, Judge Robert Robinson ruled that Lee was a free man because California was a free state and, though Mississippi was a slave state, Stovall had become permanent resident of California, and thus could not own slaves. San Francisco abolitionists Peter Lester, Mifflin Wistar Gibbs, and George Washington Dennis, had worked to secure the services of a White legal team to fight for the freedom of Lee.

Judge Robinson's decision was appealed to the California Supreme Court, however, and on February 11, 1858, the Court ruled that although California prohibited slave ownership for state residents, Stovall's inexperience and poor health warranted an exception that he be allowed to leave the state with Lee as his property. The Supreme Court decision was authored by Peter Burnett, who authored a bill banning African Americans from the State of Oregon as a legislator there, and who unsuccessfully urged the same bill in California while he was Governor. Justice Burnett's decision was joined by Justice David S. Terry, who would later fight for the Confederacy.

Californians were outraged by the California Supreme Court decision. On March 5, 1858, Stovall, although legally successful, tried to sneak Lee out of the state by boat. Abolitionists and San Francisco police discovered the plan and climbed aboard the Orizaba (ship) to rescue Lee. Stovall was arrested for kidnapping, a charge which challenged the California Supreme Court's decision that Lee was Stovall's property. Lee is thought to have died in the county hospital shortly after.

Legacy The book The Negro Trail Blazers of California (1919) by Delilah Beasley contains information about Lee.