Ruth Gates

Education Gates was inspired by the documentary The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau. She studied biology at Newcastle University where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1984. She fell in love with corals during a diving trip to the West Indies. In 1985 she moved to the West Indies to study corals. During her postgraduate work in Jamaica, she was exposed to the bleaching response of coral resulting from rising temperatures.

Career and research After her PhD, Gates was appointed a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles. She studied corals and reefs, learning how they function and working on ways to slow their decline. Her group monitored the ecosystems of coral reefs to understand how a changing environment impacted coral health. The corals in shallow patches like Kāneʻohe Bay are subject to high temperatures and irradiance. They study the Symbiodinium that live within coral tissues. These provide the corals with energy and are lost during coral bleaching. They develop new techniques for data analysis and management, including developing EarthCube and CRESCYNT. Gates was concerned about sunscreen that contains octinoxate and oxybenzone, and in 2015 called for it to be banned in Hawaii. These sunscreens were banned in 2018. In 2012 she demonstrated that the choice of symbiotic algae was crucial for how tropical reefs survived environmental stresses. She predicted that more than 90 percent of the world's corals will be dead by 2050.

Gates Coral Lab Gates established the Gates Coral Lab at the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology. Even after the death of Ruth Gates in October 2018, her team continues on to conduct research centered around the biological traits of coral reef ecosystems. The team uses their research to inform restoration efforts and management policies. Significant contributions to coral reef research has been contributed by the Gates Coral Lab. The team works in collaboration with the Australian Institute of Marine Science on the Coral Assisted Evolution Project, which attempts to "stabilize and restore coral reefs" in the face of climate change.

Gates' research team hosted the first coral restoration workshop in Hawaii at the Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology in 2017. The research team's restoration efforts in Hawaii's coral reefs focus on realistic and effective approaches. Recent publications have discussed the necessity of focusing on local restoration and recovery efforts as opposed to mass scale restoration until there is more substantial research on how to best combat the root of the problem of bleaching events, climate change. Other research and restoration publications have discussed the effects of beneficial mutations, genetic variation, and human assisted relocation.

Super Coral "Super corals" were defined as those that did not bleach during natural bleaching events when sea temperatures were high. For the proposal, Gates joined Madeleine van Oppen, and used genetic selection to boost resilience to environmental stress. They did this by exposing cross-bred corals to successively warmer and more acidic experimental tanks. In the laboratory, they took resistant corals and collected their reproductive products after spawning, raised their offspring in the lab, and tested for increased temperature resistance. Coral Assisted Evolution, a $4 million research project, was funded by the Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group. This supported Gates' research for four years from 2016, developing super corals that can withstand climate change. Whilst Gates was concerned about playing with nature, she could not sit by and watch species become extinct without acting. In 2016, Gates was named by Hawaii Business as one of the top 20 leaders of Hawaii. If Gates' project is successful, it could save the US$9.9 trillion. In 2018, the foundation supported a coral reef map, that allowed scientists to monitor corals in unprecedented detail.

Public engagement In addition to her career in research, Gates served as a mentor, public speaker, science communicator, and proponent for change and progress in the field of marine science. The Super Coral proposals were featured in Fast Company, Gizmodo, PBS, Newsweek, Hawaii Business, National Geographic, the Huffington Post, New Scientist and the BBC. Her work was featured in the Netflix documentary Chasing Coral. She was an invited speaker at the 2017 Aspen Ideas Festival. She was featured on the University of Hawaiʻi Foundation video series in 2018. The Gates Coral Lab is involved in a wide range of public engagement and outreach, including hosting students from Mo'orea. She was a member of the Tetiaroa Society.

Personal life Gates was born in Akrotiri, Cyprus, the sister of Timothy Gates and the daughter of John Amos Gates (RAF) and Muriel Peel Gates (physiotherapist). but died from complications during a surgery for diverticulitis, unrelated to her former diagnosis. Gates leaves a legacy of optimism and progress in the field of marine science: Van Oppen, the Gates Coral Lab, and multiple other labs across the globe, continue to study the mechanisms of resistance to climate change and how they may be passed down generations.