Reinhold Knacke

Reinhold Knacke (; 1 January 1919 – 3 February 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 44 aerial victories, plus one unconfirmed claim by day, achieved in approximately 160 combat missions making him one of the more successful night fighter pilots in the Luftwaffe. All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against Royal Air Force Bomber Command.

Born in Strelitz, Knacke grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. He joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. He served with Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter, at the start of World War II. He claimed his first aerial victory during the Battle of France which was not confirmed. In June 1940, the Luftwaffe created its first night fighter wing, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing), and Knacke transferred to this unit. There, he claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory on the night of 9 March 1940. Knacke was appointed squadron leader of 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of NJG 1 in April 1942. On 1 July 1942, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross after his 23rd aerial victory. At the end of 1942, Knacke was one of the leading night fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe.

On 2/3 February 1943, he shot down a H2S airborne ground scanning radar-equipped bomber, the first such radar system to be recovered and analyzed by German technicians. Later that night, he was killed in action following combat with another RAF bomber. Posthumously, Knacke was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 5 February 1943.

Early life and career Knacke was born on 1 January 1919 in Strelitz, now Strelitz-Alt, a borough of Neustrelitz, at the time in the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz of the Weimar Republic. He was the son of an employee of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. Knacke volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1937 and was trained as a pilot. On 1 September 1939, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) and was posted to I. Gruppe (1st Group) of Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing).

World War II World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 with the German Invasion of Poland. In February 1940, I./ZG 1 was placed under the command of Hauptmann (Captain) Wolfgang Falck. With the start of the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940, I./ZG 1 was moved to Aalborg airfield. There, the airfield came under night attacks by Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command, leading Falck to conduct his first experiments of nocturnal aerial combat. During the Battle of France, Knacke claimed an unconfirmed aerial victory on 10 May 1940 over a Bristol Blenheim bomber in the vicinity of Waalhaven. Flying numerous combat missions during this campaign, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class , which was presented to him on 15 July 1940 and was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 October 1940.

Night fighter career A map of part of the Kammhuber Line. The 'belt' and night fighter 'boxes' are shown. Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, RAF attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign. By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier-General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector, named a Himmelbett (canopy bed), would direct the night fighter into visual range of a bomber. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.

Following the Battle of France, Falck was ordered to establish the first Luftwaffe night fighter wing, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing). His former unit, I./ZG 1 formed the nucleus of I. Gruppe of NJG 1 which was placed under the command of Oberleutnant Werner Streib. Now flying in the 2. Staffel of NJG 1, sources vary with respect to when Knacke claimed his first nocturnal aerial victory. According to Foreman, Parry and Mathews, he claimed a Vickers Wellington bomber shot down on 9 March 1941. According to Obermaier and Stockert, Knacke was credited with his first aerial victory on the night of 2/3 May 1941. He received the German Cross in Gold on 14 April 1942, after his 18th claim.

Squadron leader and death Knacke was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 1. Staffel (1st Squadron) of NJG 1 on 1 April 1942. On 25/26 June 1942, RAF Bomber Command launched the third thousand-bomber raid and bombed Bremen. That night, Knacke, assisted by his radio operator Unteroffizier Günther Heu, claimed three aerial victories. On the night of 25/26 July 1942, Knacke shot down a Bristol Blenheim bomber R3837 from 114 Squadron on its intruder bombing mission to Venlo airfield. Three nights later, Knacke became the first German night fighter pilot to claim a de Havilland Mosquito destroyed. The aircraft, Mosquito DD677 from 23 Squadron, was shot down near Haps. On 16/17 September 1942, 369 British bombers attacked Germany, losing 39 of their number, a very high 10.6 percent loss rate. Knacke, shot down five bombers that night, which made him an "ace-in-a-day". At the end of 1942, Knacke was one of the leading night fighter pilots of the Luftwaffe, which at the time included Lent (49 nocturnal claims), Ludwig Becker (40 nocturnal claims), Werner Streib (39 nocturnal claims) and Paul Gildner (37 nocturnal claims). He was promoted to Hauptmann on 1 January 1943.

On the night of 2/3 February 1943, Knacke shot down a Short Stirling bomber on its mission to bomb Cologne. The Stirling I R9264 MG-L from 7 Squadron was a Pathfinder aircraft equipped with the new H2S airborne ground scanning radar. The radar was recovered by German forces and sent to Berlin where it was examined by Telefunken. Knacke then attacked a Halifax bomber near Achterveld which he shot down but his aircraft was also hit by one of the bomber air gunners. The radio operator, Unteroffizier Kurt Bundrock, managed to bail out from the burning aircraft. Knacke was found dead next to his crashed Bf 110 F-4 (Werksnummer 4683—factory number) "G9+DK" east of Achterveld. Knacke was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 5 February 1943. He was the 190th member of the German armed forces to be so honored. Originally buried near Deelen airfield, he was reinterred at the German War Cemetery Ysselsteyn (Block M—Row 4—Grave 80) at Venray.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims According to Aders, Knacke was credited with 44 nocturnal aerial victories. Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 45 nocturnal victory claims. Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Knacke with 43 nocturnal aerial victories claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim as a destroyer pilot during day operations.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 6255". The Luftwaffe grid map covered Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were divided into 36 smaller units to give a location area in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories Claim(total) Claim(nocturnal) Date Time Type Location Serial No./Squadron No. – 3. Staffel of Zerstörergeschwader 1 – 10 May 1940 12:00 Blenheim Waalhaven – 2. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 – 1? 1 9 March 1941 05:50 Wellington 2? 2 10 March 1941 23:42 Stirling 3? 3 13 March 1941 22:50 Wellington 4 4 10 May 1941 04:13 Wellington west of Weert 5 5 10 May 1941 03:05 Whitley west of Weert 6 6 13 June 1941 03:16 Whitley Aalst Whitley Z6489 from 102 Squadron 7 7 17 June 1941 02:31 Wellington northwest of Weert 8 8 3 July 1941 01:03 Whitley southwest of Maastricht 9 9 3 July 1941 01:12 Hampden northeast of Maastricht 10 10 8 July 1941 01:17 Hampden Houthem 11 11 8 July 1941 01:25 Wellington Maastricht 12 12 14 October 1941 06:00 Whitley Lommel 13 13 15 October 1941 21:37 Wellington 14 14 27 December 1941 20:24 Wellington east of Heeze 15 15 10 March 1942 23:42 Stirling 16 16 13 March 1942 22:50 Wellington 17 17 28 March 1942 23:31 Manchester northwest of Vlieland 18 18 10 April 1942 22:58 Hampden east of Enkhuizen – Stab I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 – 19 19 31 May 1942 01:00 Wellington east of Weert 20 20 31 May 1942 02:04 Halifax east-southeast of Weert Halifax L9605 from 1652 Conversion Unit RAF 21 21 31 May 1942 02:30 Wellington southwest of Middelbeers 22 22 17 June 1942 02:28 Halifax west of Veldhoven 23 23 17 June 1942 04:20 Wellington northeast of Ouddorp 24 24 22 July 1942 01:49 Wellington southeast of Eindhoven Wellington X3561 KO-X from No. 115 Squadron RAF 25 25 22 July 1942 02:06 Wellington east of Eindhoven Wellington X3750 KO-B from 115 Squadron 26 26 26 July 1942 01:19 Blenheim Schandeloo Blenheim IV R3837 from No. 114 Squadron RAF 27 27 26 July 1942 01:31 Stirling north of Horst Stirling I W7576 from No. 15 Squadron RAF 28 28 26 July 1942 01:50 Wellington Repelen 29 29 29 July 1942 01:10 Mosquito Haps Mosquito DD677 from 23 Squadron – 1. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 – 30 30 6 August 1942 01:06 Wellington Hau 31 31 7 August 1942 02:42 Stirling south of Hötheim 32 32 7 August 1942 02:57 Wellington northeast of 's-Hertogenbosch 33 33 10 August 1942 03:07 Wellington northeast of Doetinchem 34 34 10 August 1942 03:52 Halifax northwest of Helmond 35 35 16 August 1942 03:26 Halifax east of Kevelar 36 36 2 October 1942 21:40 Halifax PQ 6255 37 37 15 October 1942 21:50 Lancaster PQ 6272 38 38 20 December 1942 19:45 Halifax PQ 6235 39 39 20 December 1942 20:19 Wellington PQ 5213 40 40 21 December 1942 24:00 Lancaster northeast of Oss/Brabant 41 41 31 December 1942 20:15 Lancaster east of Oss 42 42 4 January 1943 20:19 Lancaster south of Maastricht Lancaster W4274 from No. 460 Squadron RAAF 43 43 27 January 1943 20:10 Lancaster south-southwest of Nijmegen 44 44 3 February 1943 19:46 Stirling south of Amerongen 45 45 3 February 1943 20:05 Halifax north-northwest of Thiel Stirling R9197 from 214 (Federated Malay States) Squadron

Awards Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (15 July 1940) 1st Class (1940) German Cross in Gold on 14 April 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 2./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight's Cross on 1 July 1942 as Oberleutnant and pilot in the 3./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 190th Oak Leaves on 7 February 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 3./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1