Mikhail Tsekhanovsky

Mikhail Mikhailovich Tsekhanovsky (; — 22 June 1965) was a Russian and Soviet artist, animation director, book illustrator, screenwriter, sculptor and educator. He was one of the founders and unchallenged leaders of the Leningrad school of Soviet animation. Meritorious Artist of the RSFSR.

Early years Mikhail Tsekhanovsky was born in Proskurov (modern-day Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine) into a Russian noble family. His father Mikhail Yurievich Tsekhanovsky (Polish: Ciechanowski) (1859—1928/29) was an Active State Councillor and a sugar manufacturer, an official representative of the All-Russian Society of Sugar Manufacturers who emigrated to Paris following the October Revolution. His mother Zinaida Grigorievna Tsekhanovskaya died in 1899 aged 32.

Tsekhanovsky was raised in Saint Petersburg and studied in the First Saint Petersburg Gymnasium, the most prestigious school of its time where only children of noblemen were accepted. He started painting while still in gymnasium, and upon graduation left for Paris where he was trained as a sculptor in private workshops between 1908 and 1910. On his return Tsekhanovsky entered the Imperial Academy of Arts and the Saint Petersburg Imperial University Faculty of Law, but left both of them with the start of the World War I and moved to Moscow. He then entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture which he finished in 1918.

Same year he was enrolled to the 16th Army by the Soviet authorities where his talents were used for agitprop. Tsekhanovsky drew posters, designed agitational trains, painted cinemas and clubs, carved sculptures and made scenery for the front theatre. From 1920 to 1922 he also headed the art studio at the Smolensk Red Army University. Among his students was Mikhail Volpin who later wrote screenplays for many of his animated projects.

In 1927 he illustrated the Post poem by Samuil Marshak about a letter that followed his friend Boris Zhitkov in his adventures around the world. The book saw many re-releases and has been since considered the peak of Tsekhanovsky's craftsmanship. Biographers agreed on that the book itself was designed according to the rules of film editing and was "full of movement". The artist also produced a number of flip books, thus his turn to animation was only a matter of time.

Picture and sound

For the first time Soviet press started talking about animation as a new form of art, which was in fact director's original intention. As he wrote in his critical essay From Murzilka to Big Art, filmmakers of that time took animation for a "secondary, creatively insignificant offshoot of the big art of cinema, but not as a branch of graphics and painting, not to mention a separate form of art... Technical, professional and artistic processes of building a graphiс film are entirely different from the filmmaking process... Animation is not a filmed marionette, not a puppetry, not a theatre, not cinema... It is a new spatiotemporal type of fine art".

In the same essay Tsekhanovsky brought up the subject of unity of animation and sound, as well as the concept of graphical sound which he is credited with inventing way back in 1929. While Arseny Avraamov and others started developing the idea actively, Tsekhanovsky went his own way. The 1930 version of Post already featured a rhythmical picture synchronized with the pre-recorded sound, making it a separate, independent element of the film.

The Tale of Balda All this inspired Mikhail and Vera Tsekhanovsky to launch their most ambitious project: an animated opera The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda based on the fairy tale in verse by Alexander Pushkin with a heavy Rosta posters influence. It was conceived in 1932 as the first traditionally animated Soviet feature film that used the "album method" of animation, with characters drawn on paper instead of celluloid.

Yet problems started early into the production. Tsekhanovsky, still inexperienced, was always behind the composer, facing organizational and financial problems. First attempts to close Balda by Lenfilm date back to 1933. In March 1936, studio executives persuaded the composer to reorchestrate his score from a symphony to chamber orchestra. Around the same time the infamous Muddle Instead of Music article was published in press, condemning Shostakovich's opera. All this paralyzed the work, and the project was officially closed.

Nevertheless, Tsekhanovsky compiled four finished parts and the rest of material into a full movie. It wasn't released, but shelved instead "for better times" which never happened, as it was destroyed in fire caused by the 1941 bombings of Leningrad that hit Lenfilm. Vera Tsekhanovskaya managed to save only a small Bazaar segment. Shostakovich regarded the film's score among his best works ever done: "There are a number of pieces I'm happy with. Especially Balda — from start to finish".

World War II Tsekhanovsky's feelings were deeply hurt. He released his next long-planned short only in 1940. The Tale of a Silly Little Mouse turned a traditional children's film, although still free from cliches of its time. Once again he collaborated with Samuil Marshak and Dmitri Shostakovich whose score is performed independently at opera houses today.

Unlike Shostakovich who enjoyed working with Tsekhanovsky, Marshak was annoyed by the changes made to his script (including the more kids-friendly ending) and requested to edit the film, which led to a conflict between Lenfilm and Mosfilm management. Finally he agreed to withdraw most of the claims in exchange to his name being removed from the credits (done in the final edit lost during the war).

In the meantime Tsekhanovsky had been teaching students who wanted to join his studio at Lenfilm. He prepared a whole generation of animators by 1941 when the Great Patriotic War started. The consequences were truly catastrophic: many were killed at fronts, others starved to death during the Siege of Leningrad. Tsekhanovsky himself barely survived the siege. He lost a lot of weight, he witnessed the fire that ruined Lenfilm and all its archives, the deaths of his colleagues including Ivan Druzhinin who was killed during the Winter War campaign. In 1942 he was evacuated to Samarkand along with his wife and joined Soyuzmultfilm where he had worked till his death.

Moscow period After the war Tsekhanovsky became known as one of the main supporters and promoters of rotoscoping (called Eclair by Russian animators after the Eclair video projector).

With Fox, Beaver and the Rest (1960) Mikhail and Vera Tsekhanovsky started to make a return to their experimental past. Two satirical fables by Sergey Mikhalkov were presented by the author himself who was holding two pieces of paper with the drawn characters coming to life. In two years the couple released The Wild Swans based on H. C. Andersen's fairy tale which became the first Soviet widescreen animated feature. It was drawn in an original "formalistic" manner with a heavy Gothic influence.

Tsekhanovsky's last film — Post (1964) — was a remake of his first animated work. Also made as a traditionally animated widescreen short, it was seen by critics as a tribute to the constructivism traditions and featured many scenes borrowed directly from the 1929 version, as well as some of the original music.

Mikhail Tsekhanovsky died on 22 June 1965 and was buried in Moscow. He was survived by his wife Vera Tsekhanovskaya (25 December 1902 — 25 April 1977) who preserved her husband's diaries kept since the 1920s. In 2014 MasterFilm company released a documentary In Pursuit of the Lost Post where two specialists of the Moscow Film Research Institute — Nikolai Izvolov and Sergei Kapterev — traveled around the world, trying to find the fragments of the 1930 version of Post which had been considered to be lost.

Filmography

1929 — Post (also art director) 1929 — Flag of the Nation (animated sequence, also artist) 1931 — Gopak 1931 — Pacific 231 (also screenwriter) 1933-1936 — The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya, also art director, unfinished) 1940 — The Tale of a Silly Little Mouse (also art director and screenwriter) 1941 — Film Concert 1941, also known as Leningrad Concert Hall and Russian Salad (Waltz of the Flowers sequence, also screenwriter) 1942 — A New Year Tree (with Peter Nosov) 1944 — The Telephone (also art director) 1948 — The Flower with Seven Colors 1950 — The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish 1952 — Kashtanka 1954 — The Frog Princess 1956 — A Girl in the Jungle (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya) 1958 — A Tale of Chapayev (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya) 1959 — Legend of the Moor’s Legacy (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya) 1960 — Fox, Beaver and the Rest (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya) 1962 — The Wild Swans (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya) 1964 — Post (with Vera Tsekhanovskaya, also art director and screenwriter) 1966 — Ivan Ivanych Got Sick (sketches only)