Mikhail Mishaqa

Mikhail Mishaqa, or Michael Meshaka (; March 20, 1800 – July 19, 1888), was a Lebanese academic, diplomat and musician reputed to be the first historian of modern Ottoman Syria and the "virtual founder of the twenty-four equal quarter tone scale". His memoir of the 1860 Mount Lebanon and Damascus civil war is valuable to historians as the only account written by a survivor of the massacre of Syrian Christians in Damascus. In 1859, he was appointed vice-consul of the United States in Damascus.

In 1848, Mikhail Mishaqa converted from Greek Catholicism to Protestantism, after coming in contact with American Protestant missionaries and reading a translation of Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion... by Alexander Keith.

Career Mikhail Mishaqa began his career as a goldsmith but became a scribe and then chief treasurer for the Amir of Mount Lebanon, Bashir II's household. According to Leila Fawaz, Mikhail was well-educated;"At the first opportunity he showed off his knowledge and the ignorance of the offender. In such ways, Mishaqa continued to educate himself. He taught himself medicine and became a doctor." According to Touma, Mishaqa was the first theorist to propose a division of the octave into roughly twenty-four equal intervals (24-tone equal temperament, quarter tone scale, ), this being the current basis of the Arab tone system. However, Mishaqa's work "Essay on the Art of Music for the Emir Shihāb" (, al-Risāla al-shihābiyya fī 'l-ṣinā‘a al-mūsīqiyya) (c. 1840) is devoted to the topic but also makes clear his teacher Sheikh Muhammad al-‘Attār (1764–1828) was one of many already familiar with the concept, although al-‘Attār did not publish his writings on the subject.

Mishaqa's most important works as a historian include the much quoted "A Response to a Proposition by Beloved Ones" (1873) (, al-Jawāb `alā Iqtirāḥ al-Aḥbāb) and "History of events which took place in Syria on its coast and the Mount in 1782-1841" (1843) ( Ta’rih Hawadit Jarat bil-Sham wa-Sawahil Barr al-Sham wa-l-Jabal, 1782-1841 m).