James Kenneth Stephen

James Kenneth Stephen (25 February 1859 – 3 February 1892) was an English poet, and tutor to Prince Albert Victor, eldest son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII).

Stephen was a son of the lawyer, judge, and philosopher Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, and a first cousin to Virginia Woolf (née Stephen). Both cousins had symptoms of bipolar disorder. Stephen was a member of the Apostles intellectual society. He served a term as President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1880, and he was made a Fellow of King's College in 1885. Following a serious head injury in late December 1886, he exhibited erratic emotional and mental behaviour, such as plunging a sword blade into bread and being amused at a medical prediction of his own death.

Stephen published two volumes of poetry in 1891, which satirized or parodied several notable writers. In November 1891, two of Stephen's brothers had him committed to the mental asylum St Andrew's Hospital after he demonstrated persecutory delusions concerning his imminent arrest.

Early life James Kenneth Stephen was the second son of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, barrister-at-law, and his wife Mary Richenda Cunningham. Known as 'Jem' among his family and close friends, he was first cousin to Virginia Woolf (née Stephen), and shared with his cousin symptoms of bipolar disorder that would affect him increasingly in later life.

As a King’s Scholar at Eton College, Stephen played the Eton Wall Game, representing the Collegers on St Andrew’s Day from 1874 to 1877. He served as Keeper of the College Wall in his final two years. He is commemorated in an annual toast: “In Piam Memoriam J.K.S.”

Stephen developed a reputation as an intellectual, and it was said that he spoke in a pedantic, but highly articulate and entertaining manner. At King's College, Cambridge, again as a King's Scholar, he continued a flourishing academic career: he was a member of the Apostles intellectual society, and President of the Cambridge Union Society in the Michaelmas term of 1880, and was made a Fellow of King's College in 1885. and was expected to help raise the prince's poor academic standing before he attended Trinity College, Cambridge. Stephen was initially optimistic about tutoring the prince, but by the time the party were to move to Cambridge he had concluded, "I do not think he can possibly derive much benefit from attending lectures at Cambridge ... He hardly knows the meaning of the words to read".

Some biographers have suggested Stephen had romantic feelings for Albert Victor, but the nature of his relationship with Albert Victor is open to question. In 1972, writer Michael Harrison claimed that a sexual relationship began between tutor and pupil, ending when Prince Eddy was gazetted to the 10th Hussars on 17 June 1885 and resulted in a scandal of which, apparently, little evidence remains.

Accident Stephen suffered a serious head injury in an accident on 29 December 1886 while staying with Felix Cobbold, at Felixstowe Lodge, Felixstowe. He suffered a blow to his head and although his physical injuries soon healed, he nevertheless showed signs of psychological injury, exhibiting erratic emotional and mental behaviour. The injury may have exacerbated his bipolar disorder, a condition also affecting his cousin, Virginia Woolf.

While Stephen originally appeared to have made a complete recovery, it was later discovered that his brain had been permanently damaged and his behaviour became increasingly erratic. Bell relates incidents of Stephen plunging the blade from a sword stick into bread; becoming deluded that he was a painter of great genius; rushing about dangerously in a hansom cab; and "'on another occasion he appeared at breakfast and announced, as though it were an amusing incident, that the doctors had told him that he would either die or go completely mad.'" Those stanzas, in which Stephen deplores the state of contemporary writing, appear in his poem 'To R. K.':

"The Last Ride Together (From Her Point of View)" parodies Robert Browning's "Last Ride Together"; Lord Byron is parodied in "A Grievance"; and William Wordsworth in "A Sonnet":

Stephen also took a satirical and occasionally nostalgic approach to his academic life and colleagues. Stephen wrote a satirical pastiche of Thomas Gray's "Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College" pillorying Eton for being Tory. Stephen was at Cambridge at the same time as the distinguished antiquarian and writer of ghost stories, M. R. James, and mentions him at the end of a curious Latin celebration of then-current worthies of 'Coll. Regale' (King's College):

Stephen's poem "The Old School List" from Quo Musa Tendis is included in the front pages of H.E.C. Stapleton's Eton School Lists 1853-1892, and the author refers to him in the preface as "an Etonian of great promise, who died only too early for his numerous friends". During his time at Eton, Stephen was a friend of Harry Goodhart (1858–1895), who became an England international footballer and later a professor at the University of Edinburgh. Goodhart is referred to as "one of them's wed" in the last verse of "The Old School List":

A poem which gave him a reputation as a misogynist is "Men and Women," where he describes two people, a man and a woman, whom he does not know but to whom he takes a violent dislike. The first part, subtitled "In the Backs" (The Backs is a riverside area of Cambridge), concludes

Breakdown and death On 24 November 1891, Stephen's landlady found him standing naked at the window of his rooms in 18 Trinity Street, Cambridge. He had thrown his possessions into the street and was screaming, convinced that he was facing imminent arrest. His brothers Herbert and Harry came from London and accompanied him to St Andrew's Hospital, a mental asylum in Northampton, where he was committed. In January 1892, Stephen heard that his erstwhile pupil, the 28-year-old Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, had died of pneumonia at Sandringham, after contracting influenza. On hearing the news, Stephen refused to eat, and he died 20 days later, aged 32. The cause of death, according to the death certificate, was mania. In 1972, writer Michael Harrison, working from this sensational theory, had come to the conclusion that "S" was not the prince, but actually Stephen who was committing the murders "out of a twisted desire for revenge" because of the dissolution of an alleged homosexual relationship between the two. Harrison contends that the breakup of the relationship with Eddy, combined with his mental decline, provoked Stephen to act out his own poem "Air: Kaphoozelum", in which the protagonist kills 10 harlots.

Forensic psychiatrist David Abrahamsen identified Stephen as matching his psychological profile of Jack The Ripper, claiming that Prince Eddy was an accomplice in his crimes and that the two enjoyed a mutually dependent relationship, with Stephen as the dominant partner.

This and similar theories have been dismissed on a number of counts, with some citing that Stephen would have been unable to commit any murders in London and return to Cambridge in time for lectures the following morning.

The literary scholar Jane Marcus has suggested that Stephen was the model for the character of Percival in Virginia Woolf's 1931 novel The Waves.

Collections Select Poems 1926 Augustan Books of Modern Poetry Lapsus Calami JKS Cambridge 1891 Quo Musa Tendis Cambridge 1891 Lapsus Calami and other verses 1896