James Davis

James Davis (October 21, 1721 – 1785) was an early American printer and the first printer and first postmaster of the colony of North Carolina. He was also the founder and printer of the North-Carolina Gazette, North Carolina colony's first newspaper. After working with William Parks in Virginia he removed to New Bern to pursue a printing career upon learning that an official printer was needed in that colony. Soon after his arrival he began to put down roots, married, and became active in local politics, holding several positions in public office, including membership in the North Carolina Assembly and thereafter a county Sheriff.

Davis secured the position of the official printer for the colonial government of the North Carolina colony and was first to print its laws and paper currency. As an accomplished and official printer, Davis was later suspected by some of counterfeiting monetary notes, but the allegations were made by a career criminal, himself convicted of multiple counts of counterfeiting and thievery, while facing execution, and the allegations were never substantiated. Thereafter he went on serving as the colony's official printer and as a North Carolina justice of the peace. Davis supported the cause for American independence and to this end was politically active as a printer and politician before and during the American Revolution.

Early and family life Davis was born in Virginia on October 21, 1721, but the specific location is not known. Nothing else is positively known about his early life until 1745, when he was living in Williamsburg, Virginia. He moved to the Colony of North Carolina in New Bern in 1749, and soon married Prudence Hobbs, the widow of Christopher Gregory Hobbs and daughter of William Carruthers. Shortly after Davis married he acquired the property on the southwest corner of Broad and East Front streets in New Bern, where his printing office was located for many years. Their marriage produced four sons and three daughters. The eldest son, James, was a merchant in New Bern. The second son, John, became a ship captain, but died during the American Revolutionary War while held prisoner aboard a British ship anchored in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. Davis' youngest son, Thomas, who was an apprentice to his father and the only son known to have followed in his father's footsteps, assisting him in his print shop until he was drafted into the Continental Army in 1778. In 1785 Thomas succeeded his father as state printer, acting in this capacity until 1785.

Printing career

North Carolina was the last colony except Georgia to receive a printer and printing press, as it was largely unsettled during the early 18th century. As Davis worked for William Parks who established the first press in Virginia in 1736, it is generally assumed by historians that he obtained his training as a printer from him, but any apprenticeship with Parks has not been conclusively established.

Upon receiving word that the North Carolina Assembly, seated in New Bern, needed an official printer to publish their laws, legislative journals and other official documents, all of which were hand-written in manuscript form and generally disorganized, Davis moved from Virginia to North Carolina with his printing press. At the age of 28, he became the first printer to set up a print shop in that colony in New Bern, situated at the mouth of the Neuse River near the coast.

One of Davis' first undertakings was to acquire property. When the Governor and Council met in April 1749, and again in autumn, Davis submitted an application to the Council for land. The Council granted him 200 acres in Johnston County and another 200 acres in Craven County.

On April 4, 1748, the North Carolina General Assembly passed an act to have printed £21,350 of currency in various denominations, but no printing was forthcoming until the arrival of James Davis to New Bern. One of his first assignments as public printer was the printing of paper money (promissory notes), for the North Carolina provincial government. Davis did not engrave the copper printing plates but was authorized to account for and handle the actual printing.

In 1751 Davis printed an edition of the Laws of North Carolina, containing five hundred and eighty pages. Davis was considered to be a respectable man, and was given a commission as a magistrate by North Carolina's governor, William Tryon, governor of North Carolina from 1764 to 1771.

Just before and during the American Revolution, paper became scarce and hence expensive, and delivery costs also rose sharply. Davis appealed to the General Assembly for more money to print North Carolina's laws but they could not pay Davis as much as the laws cost him to print, and he was forced to resign as official printer to remain solvent. After Davis had resigned, the General Assembly hired a replacement printer, but he died just a few weeks after his arrival. The Assembly searched earnestly for another replacement, but were unable to find a qualified printer who would perform his duties for the amount of money they were offering. Upon learning of the difficulties the General Assembly was facing, and feeling a patriotic duty to his country in its time of need, Davis offered to take up the state's printing once again, and was willing to accept payment whenever it was possible. Because of mounting war time debts, however, Davis did not receive payment for most of the work he performed in the following few years. Once again he had to deal financial stress, and at a time his health was worsening. Davis was forced to retire from his printing in 1782. Davis' son, Thomas, took over his father's printing business, but he died a short time later.

Over a thirty-three year period Davis printed and published books and pamphlets mostly of a legal nature. There were, however, a fair variety other topics he published. In 1753 he published a work by English missionary Clement Hall, rector of Saint Paul's Church in Edenton, According to Benjamin Franklin's account books, Davis, late in 1752 and in 1753, purchased from him paper for printing, pasteboard, and parchment. North Carolina historian William S. Powell maintains that it is quite likely that Hall's work was printed with materials purchased from Franklin. He also printed and published in 1778 an introduction to Latin grammar, by Thomas Ruddiman, entitled Rudiments of the Latin Tongue, and The Spelling Dictionary, by Thomas Dyche. Davis also published various semi-public works, including his Justice of the Peace, of 1774. It was a 407 page manual and outlined the various duties and responsibilities of a Justice of the Peace, authored and printed by Davis.

North Carolina Gazette In 1751 Davis established and began the publication of the North-Carolina Gazette, North Carolina's first newspaper. The earliest known copy is dated November 15, 1751.

After winning the Seven Years' War with France, England found itself heavily in debt and in 1764 began imposing a series of taxes on the colonies. The first was the American Revenue Act, followed by the Currency Act. Davis reprinted these acts in several issues of his newspaper in August 1764, coverage of which took up most of the printing space in an issue. In the August 17 issue of the Gazette he also printed a petition, which was sent to King George III, protesting England's failure to enforce an indemnity from France rather than seeking revenues from the colonists. Davis also reprinted letters that appeared in The Boston Gazette and the New Hampshire Gazette denouncing the Sugar Act and Revenue Act. In 1778 during the Revolutionary War Davis was forced to suspend publication of the Gazette when his son and assistant, Thomas Davis, was conscripted into joining the Continental Army. One North Carolina historian said that the Gazette earned Davis the title, "The Father of Journalism in North Carolina".

The North Carolina Magazine In 1764, Davis made another journalistic effort with The North Carolina Magazine, or the Universal Intelligencer. printed on a demy sheet, in quarto pages. The first issue was dated Friday, June 1, to Friday, June 8, 1764. The price per issue was four pence: By the end of that year the size of the paper was reduced by about a half, but its price remained the same. Its news was dated and mostly that of England and Europe and often contained extracts from theological publications taken from various English works and magazines.

Counterfeiting allegations The numerous laws against counterfeiting during the years leading up to the American Revolution indicates that this activity occurred often enough in the colonies to warrant their numbers. Several colonies, including Virginia and North Carolina, regarded counterfeiting as an act of treason, where the penalty of death was provided. In 1768 Davis was again commissioned by the North Carolina General Assembly to print £20,000 in paper notes. When counterfeit notes turned up in 1770, printed with the same type Davis had used in 1768, Davis and the two men who had assisted him in the printing, James Mansfield and Samuel Robert Hall, were interrogated by the North Carolina colonial authorities. The counterfeit notes were so well printed that it was assumed by some that the notes were printed either in Williamsburg, Virginia, or in Davis' own printing shop in New Bern. Davis pointed out that when his shop was destroyed in the hurricane of 1769 he had lost sufficient type for someone to reproduce the notes. The investigation, however, failed to establish any culpability involving Davis and his printing shop. Davis soon faced another challenge to his reputation in 1773. Spencer Dew, convicted of a litany of counterfeiting and thievery crimes, and facing execution, accused Davis of printing and giving him £1,000 in counterfeit notes, and that Davis had also given £2,000 in bogus notes to James Coor, a prominent New Bern resident. It is unclear if Dew's allegations were an attempt to discredit Davis, who was also the North Carolina justice of the peace, but the allegations could not be substantiated and the long time established reputations of Davis and Coor remained intact. Davis was reappointed public printer in 1774 and continued to serve as Justice of the Peace in New Bern until 1778. In 1755, however, he was elected to the North Carolina Assembly, representing Craven County, where he served until 1760. In October of that year the North Carolina Assembly awarded him the contract to carry the mail between Wilmington, North Carolina and Suffolk, Virginia.

Davis once again printed for the North Carolina Assembly, in 1773, a 575 page work entitled, A complete revisal of all the acts of Assembly, of the province of North-Carolina, now in force and use. It was printed in a variety of type faces and was one of the largest works he ever printed.

During the years leading up to the American Revolution, Davis allied himself with the revolutionary cause and printed articles and essays promoting American independence and the revolution. He also became involved with the Council of Safety of New Bern and became a member when that council was founded and began representing New Bern in the Provincial Congress. Davis performed many patriotic duties, including his signing of the Craven County Address on Liberty, in 1774, and became a committee member which served in the arming and supplying of ships for war, among other such war-time efforts. In 1777, the North Carolina Assembly appointed him as one of the judges on the Admiralty Court for the port of Beauford. Beginning in 1768 Davis served as Justice of the Peace in New Bern and held that post until 1778. The high point of his political career occurred in 1781 when Davis became a member of the Council of State. His business partner, Robert Keith, continued publication of the North Carolina Gazette, but changed its name to The Impartial Intelligencer and Weekly General Advertiser. The Intelligencer, however, offered little of state or local news. The last issue was published on September 2, 1784. Although Davis' North Carolina Gazette only lasted for a relatively short period the newspaper served as a catalyst for the establishment of other newspapers in North Carolina. His service as public printer lasted more than thirty years. By the late-eighteenth century, newspapers were appearing in Raleigh, Hillsborough, and Salisbury. James Davis is buried at Christ Episcopal Church, in New Bern, on Pollack Street, the same street where his first printing shop was located.

Road side historical marker at the former location of first printing press and shop in North Carolina, New Bern.

On November 20, 1925 The Richard Dobbs Spaight chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution erected a bronze historical plaque mounted on a block of granite at the site where Davis established the first printing press in North Carolina in New Bern. The plaque commemorates James Davis as the first printer of North Carolina and the first to establish a newspaper in that state, among other such notable accomplishments. Historian and archivist Robert Connor referred to Davis as "the father of journalism in North Carolina".