J. Pinckney Henderson

James Pinckney Henderson (March 31, 1808 – June 4, 1858) was an American and Texan lawyer, politician, and soldier who served as the first governor of Texas from 1846 to 1847.

Early life He was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on March 31, 1808, to Lawson Henderson and his wife, Elizabeth Carruth Henderson. His birthplace Woodside, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. After graduating from Pleasant Retreat Academy, Henderson enrolled as a law student at the University of North Carolina. Upon his graduation, he studied 18 hours a day to pass his bar examination, and was admitted to the North Carolina State Bar in 1829.

Military service and move to Texas After becoming a lawyer, Henderson served in the North Carolina militia, rising to colonel. In 1835, Colonel Henderson moved to Canton, Mississippi, where he opened a law practice.

His attention soon turned to Texas' struggle against Mexico. Henderson began making speeches to raise money and an army to go to the aid of the Texas cause. David G. Burnet was elected interim President of the new Republic of Texas on March 10, and Antonio López de Santa Anna had already signed the Treaties of Velasco, agreeing to withdraw his troops from Texas. For his efforts, Interim President Burnet commissioned Henderson as a brigadier general in the Texas Army, with orders to return to North Carolina to raise troops to serve in Texas, which Henderson followed at his own expense.

Government service in the Republic Sam Houston became President of the Republic of Texas on September 5, 1836, and appointed Henderson the republic's attorney general. In December of that same year, Henderson was named by Houston to replace recently deceased Stephen F. Austin as secretary of state for the republic. In early 1837, Houston decreed Henderson as minister from the Republic of Texas to France at the Tuileries Palace and to England at the Court of St. James's. During his tenure as minister, he was successful in securing the recognition of the independence of the Republic of Texas and negotiated trade agreements with both countries. An annexation treaty approved the United States Senate was finally passed on December 29, 1845.

In preparation for anticipated statehood, the Texas gubernatorial election, 1845, elected Henderson as its first governor. He took office on February 19, 1846. When the Mexican–American War broke out in April of that year, Henderson took a leave of absence as governor to command a Texas volunteer cavalry division. He served with the rank of major general under Zachary Taylor. He returned home to resume his duties as governor but did not run for a second term. He later served in the United States Senate from November 9, 1857, until his death on June 4, 1858. On October 30, 1839, they were wed at St George's, Hanover Square. In 1840, the new couple established a residence and law office in San Augustine, Texas. The couple had five children: daughters Martha, Fanny, and Julia lived to adulthood.

Henderson died from tuberculosis in Washington, D.C., in 1858, while serving as a senator for the State of Texas. He is buried at the Texas State Cemetery. After his death during the Civil War years, his widow and daughters moved to Europe. Martha died at age 18. Fanny married into the Austrian aristocracy. Julia married an American sugar plantation owner. Frances Cox Henderson died in 1897 and is buried at Rosedale Cemetery in New Jersey, where she lived with daughter Julia and son-in-law Edward White Adams.

Legacy Henderson County, which was established in 1846, and the city of Henderson, founded in 1843 in Rusk County, are named in his honor. James Pinckney Henderson Elementary School, in Houston, is named for him.