Harold A. Gould

Harold Alton Gould (18 February 1926 – 2 July 2021) was an American anthropologist specializing in Indian society and civilization. He is an author of numerous books on various aspects of Indian society including the caste system, religion, politics and international relations.

Life and career Gould received his PhD in anthropology at the Saint Louis University in 1959. From 1968 to 1991, he worked as a professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and served as the director of its Center for Asian Studies. Since 1991, he has been a visiting professor in the Center for South Asian Studies at the University of Virginia.

Gould visited Lucknow University in India during 1954–55 as a Fulbright scholar, conducting anthropological field work in the village communities of the Faizabad district. Since then, he made numerous research trips to India, spending over 10 years in the country over a span of 50 years. His research encompasses every facet of Indian society and civilization, including rural society, caste, religion, local politics, electoral processes, and national and international politics.

Lloyd I. Rudolph of the University of Chicago, reviewing Gould's Grass Roots Politics in India, calls it a "masterful account" of a century of political evolution in the Faizabad district (from roughly 1869 when the Faizabad Municipal Board was established to the 1970 by-elections in the Tanda constituency). Gould's objective is to analyze and explain India's "political systems," how a political system of national proportions came into being and has functioned at the grass roots. Following the model of Paul Brass in Factional Politics in an Indian State, Gould views the Indian National Congress as a coalition of state parties, and the state parties themselves as coalitions of semi-independent district party organizations. It is at the district level that Congress party organizations interact with the traditional societies. Gould's principal vehicle for explaining the nexus between the traditional society and the party politics is "caste demographics." Gould, being a pioneer in the analysis of the "desacralized" caste system (caste delinked from religious and ritual dimensions and viewed as an "ethnic group"), shows how caste can, and has, become the vehicle for political participation and social transformation. Rudolph finds Gould's analysis powerful and persuasive, but wonders how much a district level analysis can be used to explain India's political system. Do we not see the influence of ideology, leadership and agency (taken as examples of "top down" phenomena) as much as the caste demographics in shaping the local politics?