Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington

Admiral Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington ( – 13 April 1716) was an English naval officer and politician. Dismissed by James II of England in 1688 for refusing to vote to repeal the Test Act, which prevented Catholics from holding public office in England, he brought the Invitation to William to William of Orange at The Hague, disguised as a simple sailor. As a reward William made him the nominal commander of Dutch fleet which landed at Torbay, Devon on 5 November 1688, which initiated the Glorious Revolution.

Early life Born the son of Sir Edward Herbert and Margaret Smith, daughter of Thomas Smith, Herbert joined the Royal Navy in 1663. He was appointed a lieutenant in the third-rate HMS Defiance and saw action at the St. James's Day Battle in July 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.

He went on to captain the third-rate HMS Dreadnought in spring 1672 and commanded her at the Battle of Solebay in May 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War.

Flag officer

Herbert was appointed Rear-Admiral of England in 1683 and Master of the Robes in 1685. The King immediately dismissed him from all his offices. on the Board of Admiralty in March 1689. He was raised to the peerage by the new King William III as Earl of Torrington and Baron Herbert of Torbay in May 1689, following on his command of the English squadron at the Battle of Bantry Bay. He was credited with being the first to use the expression, "fleet in being". He proposed avoiding a set battle, except under very favourable conditions, until the arrival of reinforcements: by maintaining his fleet in being, he would force the French to remain in the area and prevent them from undertaking other operations.

Herbert commanded an Anglo-Dutch fleet at the Battle of Beachy Head on 10 July 1690, a serious defeat for the allied fleet, in the Nine Years' War. Thomas Babington Macaulay judged him very harshly: "A man sunk in indolence, stupefied by wine, enervated by licentiousness, ruined by prodigality, and enslaved by sycophants and harlots".

In 1696, he acquired Oatlands Park, an estate forfeited by his brother, Sir Edward Herbert, who had followed King James II into exile. He died on 13 April 1716 without children, rendering his titles extinct,

Marriages Torrington married twice, but had no issue by either wife: Firstly to Anne Hadley, from whom he later separated; Secondly to the twice widowed Anne (dowager Lady Crew), daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Armine, 2nd Baronet.