Theodore Maxwell

Theodore Maxwell, MD (1847-1914) was an English doctor medical missionary, founder of the Kashmir Mission Hospital, and published author. Maxwell left England for Kashmir shortly after receiving his MB from King's College, Cambridge, and serving as a physician in Addenbrooke's Hospital. His arrival in Srinagar, Kashmir, succeeded four years of missionary work by Dr. William Jackson Elmslie. Maxwell founded a new hospital in Srinagar and laid the foundations for the work of his successors, including the establishment of the Kashmir Mission Hospital. After leaving missionary work, Maxwell wrote numerous papers for The Lancet and compiled important medical knowledge to write Terminologia Medica Polyglotta: A Concise International Dictionary of Medical Terms.

Background

Early life Theodore Maxwell was born in 1847 and baptised on 6 May 1847 at St. John the Baptist Church in Yorkshire, England. His parents were Reverend Edward Maxwell and Mary Hogg Maxwell. His mother, Mary Hogg Maxwell, was sister to General John Nicholson, which provided Theodore with an important connection later in his life.

Education Maxwell attended Felstead Grammar School as a boy and later attended a private school in Enfield. He then pursued an extensive professional education in the science field. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from University College in London in 1868. Maxwell went on to attend King's College, Cambridge, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1870, his Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1872, and his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1876. In 1882 he became a Doctor of Public Health, and in 1873 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh and a Fellow of the Chemical Society.

Family Theodore Maxwell married Elizabeth Eyre Ashley, the daughter of his former school teacher, After their arrival in India, his wife became pregnant. Their son, Arnold A. Maxwell, was born in Lahore on 5 November 1874.

Medical missionary work

Journey Maxwell worked in Addenbrooke's Hospital as a house-physician until he became interested in medical missionary work. The death of Dr. William Jackson Elmslie in late 1872 left the Kashmir Mission desperate for a new missionary to take his place. When the Church Mission Society asked Maxwell to step up, he eagerly did so. After marrying his wife in late 1873, they left for Kashmir in early 1874.

Service Maxwell's arrival in Kashmir reestablished the mission after an almost two-year absence. He opened a dispensary in May 1874 but it was clear that more was needed. Maxwell rented a nearby native hut, where he saw hundreds of native patients each day. He soon felt the need for a new hospital in the Kashmir Medical Mission. He began this task with very little resistance from Kashmir natives. His deceased uncle, General John Nicholson, was instrumental in establishing the role of Maharajah, the British-installed ruler of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, during the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846. This connection gave Maxwell a favorable relationship with the current Mahajarah, Ranbir Singh.

On 22 April 1875 Maxwell and his wife arrived back in Srinagar after treating patients in Murvee for a few weeks. Upon his arrival, Singh granted the land and resources for a new hospital, which he opened on 4 May 1875. The hospital was maintained and furnished largely due to Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook, who supported many of Maxwell's efforts to improve the state of the mission in Kashmir.

Maxwell played a large role in the incorporation of native doctors, who were once viewed as "worse than useless", into the medical work in the hospital and the country. His work alongside natives built a strong relationship between the Kashmir Medical Mission and the people of Kashmir.

Towards the end of Maxwell's work in Kashmir, the Maharajah sanctioned the building of a Mission House, which further strengthened the medical mission's presence and relations in Kashmir.

Return In August 1875, after almost two years of medical mission work, Maxwell began to feel as though he had given the experience "a fair trial" and that he did not have the physical strength for the work anymore. He decided to leave the Kashmir Medical Mission in February 1876, giving General Lake and the Church Mission Society adequate time to find a replacement missionary. Most notably, Maxwell authored Terminologia Medica Polyglotta: A Concise International Dictionary of Medical Terms, which is still regarded as an important cultural and knowledge source.

Theodore Maxwell was an enthusiastic and accomplished exponent of letterpress printing as a hobby. He established the Amateur Printers' Association in 1895 and introduced a quarterly journal, Amateur Printing which appeared in 72 editions between June 1895 and January 1913. Maxwell was the driving force behind Amateur Printing, acting as editor of the magazine and secretary of the Association. Despite his appeal for help with the journal in 1912, none was forthcoming and publication ceased after the January 1913 edition, as he said it would. St Bride Library in Fleet Street holds a complete set of Amateur Printing. Many editions contain exemplary work by Dr Maxwell.

Maxwell continued to face heart problems and retired from his medical practice in 1908.

Theodore Maxwell died in his home in Woolwich, England, on 13 February 1914, at the age of 67.

Publications