Platon

Platon Rozhdestvensky (; – April 20, 1934), born Porphyry Theodorovich Rozhdestvensky , was the Russian Orthodox Archbishop of the Aleutians and North America from 1907 to 1914 and again from 1922 to 1934. He was also remembered in Georgia as the last Russian Metropolitan of Georgia before its restoration of autocephaly in 1917. In December 1908, he also founded the Russian Orthodox Christian Immigrant Society of North America, with the goal of protecting newly arrived immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Galicia, and Russia. In 1909, he was recalled to Russia briefly to serve on the Most Holy Synod. In 1909, a bill was vetoed by Governor Charles E. Hughes in the New York State Legislature after protests by the local Greek population. The law would have effectively placed the Greek parishes under Russian control. In a letter to Dean Pashkovsky discussing the possibility of a more unified church in North America, Platon expressed frustration with the Greek led opposition, stating "...it seems it [a unified leadership] is unfeasible when taking into consideration the self sufficiency of the Greeks...in all matters religion and faith".

In 1912, he moved the first seminary in North America, St. Tikhon's, from Minneapolis, Minnesota to Tenafly, New Jersey in order to be closer to church administration; it was renamed St. Platon's Seminary. It was closed down in 1923 due to financial difficulties.

Return to Russia Upon his return to Russia, Platon was appointed Archbishop of Kishinev and Khotyn on March 20, 1914, before being transferred to the see of Kartalin and Kakheti on December 5, 1915. Platon remained there until the restoration of autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church in 1917. On June 17, 1917, he was appointed the chairman of the missions department of the Holy Synod (lit. the council to Strengthen and Spread the Faith), and on August 13, 1917, to the rank of metropolitan with the title Metropolitan of Tiflis and Baku as well as Exarch of the Caucasus, unbeknownst to the council of the restoration of autocephaly of the Georgian church. Later, he served as bishop of Kherson and Odessa until having to flee due to the Russian Revolution in 1919. He was also given the task of negotiating with the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution; in a speech on March 12, he expressed support for the freedom of the average citizen but warned against any form of violence. Later, on July 15, 1917, he denounced Russian rebel soldiers that participated in the series of armed demonstrations, at a funeral for the Cossacks who were killed there, stating "A feeling of deep sorrow and grief is caused by the actions of those Russian soldiers who, under the influence of agitators, are ready to put an end to their duty to the homeland and love for it". In December 1917 he was elected to the Holy Synod and represented a delegation in Kiev in January 1918 in order to address the movement for autocephaly in Ukraine. Platon was also accused of being a close advisor and friend of German ally Pavlo Skoropadsky and of instigating a pogrom while in Ukraine. Both sued each other in 1923 over these accusations.

Second tenure in America

Due to the advances of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, Platon fled to America in 1919 as a refugee with his family. Facing resistance led by Father John Kedrovsky over the current bishop's alleged handling of church finances, Archbishop Alexander Nemolovsky in 1922 resigned and asked the Metropolitan to take over as the ruling hierarch of the diocese before leaving for Europe. After the Bolshevik Revolution, Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow in directed all Russian Orthodox churches outside of Russia to govern themselves autonomously, and on November 9, 1922, he was confirmed in a sobor and established as the canonical Primate of North America; however this was contested by Kedrovsky in later years. Since Platon was already Metropolitan of Odessa, he kept this title during his second reign. Consequently, the Archdiocese of North America was elevated to Metropolia status and enjoyed a considerable amount of freedom from the Moscow Patriarchate. Metropolitan Platon inherited many new difficulties from his predecessor, such as a financial crisis and uncertainty of the future of the Moscow Patriarchate. By 1921, all funds from Russia to the North American diocese had been terminated.

Another threat to the church was Kedrovsky's schismatic "Living Church". Kedrovsky, who was suspended as a priest by Nemolovsky in 1918, claimed to be the true successor to the Russian Church in America by claiming he derived his authority from the now Soviet controlled Russian Church, in contrast to Platon's anti-Bolshevik stances. Kedrovsky would use this claim to sue over a hundred church properties. While mostly unsuccessful, he achieved a major victory in 1925 when the US courts recognized him as the legitimate owners of St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Cathedral in New York City. During his second tenure as hierarch, Platon was less amicable to movements to create a new, independent multi-ethnic church, and actively worked to undermine such efforts including any support for the newly established American Orthodox Catholic Church. Platon also faced many challenges to his own tenure; in 1925 Archbishop Adam Phillipovsky stormed Platon's residency with the assistance of a bomb squad from the Manhattan Police Department and physically threw the Archbishop out of the cathedral and onto the street. Phillipovsky would later be charged and arrested for contempt of court. In 1927, Patriarch Sergius's declaration of loyalty to the USSR, and on ordered the resignation of Platon from the diocese of North America. In response, Platon declared autocephaly of the American Orthodox Church (later known as the Orthodox Church in America) on ; this would eventually cause Sergius to place Metropolitan Platon on canonical interdict in 1933, preventing from serving as priest within the Soviet-controlled Russian Orthodox Church.