Niijima Yae

Niijima Yae (新島八重, née Yamamoto (山本); 1 December 1845 – 14 June 1932), also known as , was a Japanese educator, nurse, and scholar during the Bakumatsu and Meiji era. Her samurai family belonged to the Hoshina clan, loyal to the Tokugawa Shogunate. She was famously known as the wife of Joseph Hardy Neesima, the founder of Doshisha English School in 1875. With the help of American missionary Alice J. Starkweather, they co-founded the Doshisha Girls’ School a year later.

Early life Yamamoto Yae was born the daughter of Yamamoto Gonpachi, a samurai and one of the official gunnery instructors in Aizu Domain, and his wife Saku. Her family claimed descent from the Takeda clan's retainer Yamamoto Kansuke. In 1865, she was married to Shonosuke Kawasaki, a Rangaku scholar from Izushi Domain.

Boshin War

Yae was skilled in gunnery, which was highly unusual for a woman of the Bakumatsu period. She took part in the defense of Aizu when the Boshin War broke out in 1868. During the Battle of Aizu, she fought against the Meiji government and its coalition forces, defending Aizuwakamatsu Castle with her Spencer carbine along with Aizu warriors. Yae and her husband had separated after the defeat of Aizu, as Shonosuke became a prisoner of war. Their divorce was finalised in 1871.

In Kyoto

In 1871, she traveled to Kyoto to look for her brother Yamamoto Kakuma, who had spent years as a prisoner of war in Satsuma custody. Upon her arrival in Kyoto, Yaeko was hired as a substitute instructor at Kyoto Women's School (ja) on the recommendation of her brother Kakuma, who was working as an advisor for the Kyoto prefectural government at that time.

While Yaeko was working at the women's school, she was acquainted with a sadō instructor from the house of Urasenke. Through their interaction, Yaeko was able to familiarise herself with the art of Japanese tea ceremony. She obtained the tea-master qualification in 1894 and became a tea master of the Urasenke tradition, with the art-name of . During her tenure at the school, she was also acquainted with a kadō instructor from the house of Ikenobō. She was granted the certificate to practice flower arrangement from Ikenobō in 1896.

Throughout the early 1870s, Yaeko remained in Kyoto, and became a Christian after she met Rev. Joseph Hardy Neesima, who used to visit her brother Kakuma back when they were in Aizu. Neesima was a former samurai who spent 10 years in the United States from 1864–74 to pursue higher education. He returned to Japan in 1874, and was in the process of building a Western school that promoted Christianity. However, the concept was vehemently opposed by Buddhists and Shintoists in Kyoto, who submitted several complaints to the prefectural government.

Yaeko and Neesima were engaged not long after he returned to Japan, in October 1875. Shortly afterward, Yaeko was dismissed from her position in the women's school following pressure from the government. Together with Neesima and Kakuma, Yaeko volunteered to assist in running the new school Neesima founded. She played an integral role in the founding of this Doshisha English School and its subsequent development.

Yaeko and Neesima were married on 3 January 1876. As Neesima was educated in the United States, he was also a believer in women's rights. Yaeko, with the help of the American missionary Alice J. Starkweather, opened a Joshijuku (small girls' school) at the former residence of the Yanagihara family. The girls' school was subsequently renamed to Doshisha Branch School for Girls and then to Doshisha Girls' School in 1877.

While it contradicted social norms of Edo period Japan, it happened to be balancing for a spirited woman like Yaeko. The courtesy given by Neesima toward Yaeko was viewed as a sign of shrewishness on the part of Yaeko, and she was consequently criticised as a "bad wife" by Japanese society throughout their marriage. Contrary to traditional Japanese couples, Neesima and Yaeko were friendly to each other. He praised her lifestyle as "handsome" in his letter to friends in United States. Yaeko led a team of 40 nurses to care for the wounded soldiers while working to improve the social status of trained nurses. Her efforts were recognised by the Japanese government, and she was awarded her first Order of the Precious Crown in 1896.

After the First Sino-Japanese War, Yaeko worked as an instructor in nursing schools. When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, she joined the army again and served as a volunteer nurse at Imperial Japanese Army hospital in Osaka for two months. For this service she received her second Order of the Precious Crown.

Honours

Order of the Precious Crown, Seventh Class Order of the Precious Crown, Sixth Class

Games Tecmo Koei, Toukiden (2013)