Mirambo

Mtyela Kasanda (c. 1840–1884), better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present-day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. He also built a capital for his territory at Iselemagazi.

Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief. He owned trade caravans traveling from the Great Lakes region in western Tanzania to the coast, mostly dealing in ivory and slaves. Through trade with Europeans he acquired firearms and money, and organised armies consisting mostly of teenage orphans. With his newly gained power, he toppled the traditional monarchy of the kingdom of Urambo, and installed himself as ntemi (king). The Nyamwezi aristocracy was appalled when someone who was not royalty took over the religiously ceremonial office of ntemi. Other sources assert that Mirambo was the son of the ruler of Uyowa. His coming to power there was a contravention of the succession being matrilineal.

Mirambo was based in an area with tsetse fly infestations, which meant that transport of goods was almost completely by people rather than with the aid of animals. Mirambo used both warfare and diplomacy to expand his territory and followers. He began building connections through the caravan business, working as an agent for his father.

Mirambo's success can be traced in part to his associations with the Watuta, a group of Ngoni people who were connected with Zwangendaba. With ongoing wars in southern Africa as Shaka had expanded Zulu power many people had fled north, this particular group settling near Bukune. Mirambo was closely associated with the Watuta's leader Mpangalala. It seems that it was from Mpangalala that Mirambo learned about the age-grade military system of organization found in southern Africa, and this led Mirambo to implement a similar system called the rugaruga. By the early 1880s this military organization had about 10,000 members.

The 1860s saw Mirambo extend his domains westward and conquer several of the Nyamwezi chiefdoms located to the west of his original domains with his growing rugaruga force. At times chiefdoms voluntarily joined his growing domain, being allowed to stay in power as long as they paid tribute and contributed forces to Mirambo's growing power.