Marcel Dieu

Marcel Dieu (30 May 1902 – 14 August 1969) was a Belgian book dealer, essayist, editor-publisher-compiler, antimilitarist, activist, and libertarian socialist.

In 1933, together with Léo Campion, and in response to government moves to clamp down on pacifist activism and antimilitarism, Marcel Dieu became one of the first to return his "livret militaire", an identity document which in Belgium at this time included a summary record of an individual's military service.

His "editorial" output was very considerable, and included a range of pamphlets and leaflets, biographies of libertarian activists, numerous comment pieces and other articles published in the international libertarian press, along with involvement in conferences, participation in meetings dealing with anti-war themes and such topics as asylum rights.

Marcel Dieu is frequently identified in sources as Hem Day, the pseudonym under which he wrote, and by which he chose to identify himself while still a teenager during the First World War. For readers with the French of northern France and southern Belgium as their mother tongue, "Hem Day" corresponds approximately to the phonetic spelling of his initials, "M.D.", while avoiding distracting (for an atheist such as Marcel Dieu) associations with God. "Dieu", in addition to being the family name of Marcel Dieu, is the French word for "God".

Biography Marcel Camille Dieu was born at Houdeng-Goegnies, a small town in francophone Wallonia, located within the industrial mining region known, at the time as the "pays noir" ("black country"), a short distance to the south of Brussels. His father was a successful butcher in the town. Marcel's parents adored him and he reciprocated their affection. Nevertheless, his contrarian streak was evident at an early stage. He was still a young teenager when he declared himself a vegetarian. Later friends and admirers such as the lawyer Paul-Henri Spaak saw a connection between this decision and his father's profession as a butcher. A couple of months after his twelfth birthday World War I broke out. Less than a week later German armies from the east invaded Belgium. The German occupation of Belgium was characterised by a succession of atrocities against the civilian population which were often well publicised. The occupation lasted slightly more than four years, and when it ended Marcel Dieu had become a convinced atheist with a life-long commitment to fighting against the bestiality and atrocity of war.

Dieu's passionate hatred for war quickly expanded into involvement in a more broadly-based political anarchism and activism. During the early 1920s he played an active role in the post-war reconstruction of the Libertarian Movement, participating on 7 January 1923 at the first congress of the Belgian Anarchist Union, at which the Flemish and Wallon anarchist federations came together. By this time he had already embarked on a career as a political journalist with contributions during 1922 to "L'Émancipateur" and, in 1925, to its successor journal, "Le Combat" (of which he would later become editorial director).

In December 1925 that month's Anarchist Congress appointed him to serve as Secretary-Treasurer for the Belgian federation. It was also at the 1925 congress that Dieu persuaded delegates to adopt an antimilitarist resolution, a paralysing general strike in the event of any attempt by government to organise a military mobilisation. He was also intensely involved through his pen, during the mid-1920s, in the international campaign to save Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murder and executed in the state of Massachusetts in 1927 following a trial process widely seen as flawed on many levels.

1927 saw the inauguration at Brussels of the "Comité International de Défense Anarchiste". The organisation was mandated to come to the assistance of comrades who found themselves becoming victims of "social vindictiveness". Hem Day was nominated to serve as its secretary, a responsibility which he retained till 1939. Meanwhile he had established a second hand bookshop on Brussels, "Aux joies de l'esprit", specialising in anarchism but, as the name above the front window implied, "open to all the delights of mind and body". The proprietor made his home in another part of the building. As social tensions and political polarisation intensified across western and central Europe during the later 1920s and the 1930s, the premises it occupied became a place of refuge for political exiles of many nationalities. Francisco Ascaso, Buenaventura Durruti and Gregorio Jover all became semi-permanent presences at the shop during 1930/1931, before the proclamation of the Spanish Republic gave reason to hope that it might be safe to return home to Spain. By the end of the decade it was Louis Mercier-Vega, actively sought by police in France at the time, who found a quiet refuge with Hem Day in Brussels, until he was able to find a ship sailing to Argentina from the great Port of Antwerp.

Between November 1927 and June 1928 he published five editions of the short-lived monthly "anti-dogmatic anti-authoritarian" journal "Rebel". He then was initiated into freemasonry, according to at least one source, in 1932 joining the Belgian "Vérité du Droit Humain" lodge.

Later that year, on 15 May 1937, in response to an invitation from the "Cercle d'Études Populaires" ("Circle of People's Studies") in Nimes (Southern France) he chaired and led a conference under the eye-catching title "Le Fascisme contre l'intelligence: Franco contra Goya" ("Fascism versus Intelligence: Franco versus Goya"). The French authorities expelled him from the country. During the years of war and German occupation between 1940 and 1945, Hem Day adhered to his pacifist convictions. He was powerfully influenced during this period by the pacifist philosophy of Han Ryner. He remained close, in terms both of friendship and of political conviction, to Émile Armand and, till 1942, to Sébastien Faure.

In 1945 he joined the "Internationale des résistant(e)s à la guerre" / "War Resisters' International".

The reaction was not long in coming. Both men were recalled to military service, by way of a "disciplinary measure". They must re-join their units - presumably the units in which they had served when undertaking their military service. They refused to do this, and were arrested a few days later. Hem Day was arrested in the street. He and Campion appeared before the government's so-called "War Council of Brabant" (military tribunal) on 19 July 1933: they faced what seems to have been some form of quasi-judicial process. They were very far from being the first to refuse to perform military service. Many Flemish nationalists had done so during, and then in the aftermath, of the First World War. But the case of Hem Day and Léo Campion attracted significantly greater attention, both on account of the public profiles of the defendants and (which may very well have been connected to the publicity already surrounding the matter) on account of the severity of the sentences conferred.

In retrospect the socialist lawyer Paul-Henri Spaak (1899-1972), was probably the most eminent of all those who appeared before the hearing, on account of his subsequent political career and four years, between 1957 and 1961, as Secretary General of NATO. He fulfilled the role of defence attorney for Hem Day and his co-accused: "War, these days, is about colonies, oil, the prestige of one government or another. War today is the outcome of all the imperialism [of the preceding centuries]". He went on to interrogate persuasively the tribunal's underlying understanding of patriotism, inviting them to question how that same patriotism might appear to the millions who had lost their jobs and even their homes in the Great Depression after the Wall Street crash.

Among the public, the hunger strike triggered a concern that comedy might be about to transform into tragedy, and there was a growing demand for the victims at the heart of the process to be immediately released. The lawyers for the accused men, Messrs. Spaak and Deublet, returned their own "livrets militaires" and let it be known that they had done so. Others followed suit. Increasingly, these included war veterans. Public pressure reached a level at which the government felt threatened. The authorities did not know how to resolve the matter. In the end they concocted a transparently preposterous formulation intended to preserve their self-respect: Campion and Hem Day were dismissed from the army because they were deemed unworthy to belong to it for any longer. They were excluded from the army on account of having been condemned for not wishing to re-join it or remain a part of it. The affair ended with the release of three high-profile conscientious objectors and the abandonment by the minister of his controversial proposal.

Editorial focus The encounters with the military tribunal in 1933 gained lasting recognition across francophone Europe for Hem Day as a principled and eloquent antimilitarist. During his final decades he focused on editorial work. His pacifist convictions were never far from the surface. Between 1932 and 1939 he ran the political review magazine "Pensée et Action", a publication which was, according to one admirer, not so much a magazine as "a long-running editorial project, to which he was the principle contributor, most notably in the form of 'bibliobiographies' about libertarian writers and thinkers. These became his trademark till 1968, when he revisited in some depth the trial that thirty-five years earlier had made him famous".

Right up to his death in 1969, Hem Day published dozens of books and essays, generally under the imprimatur of "Éditions Pensée et action" (Paris-Brussels). As he himself insisted, "You can never say it enough: anarchism is order without government, it is peace without violence. It is the precise opposite of everything that, whether through ignorance or simple bad faith, it is accused of being".

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