Lester B. Lave

Lester Barnard Lave (August 5, 1939 – May 9, 2011) was an American economist who helped pioneer the field of environmental economics, notably the idea that environmental problems have quantifiable economic costs. In August 1970, over two decades before the Harvard Six Cities study definitively settled the issue, Lave and his graduate student Eugene P. Seskin published research suggesting that air pollution in American cities was causing higher death rates and attempted to calculate its economic cost.

Lave went on to publish books and papers on many other environmental issues, including toxic chemicals, soil carbon, and electric cars, and studied methodological tools such as cost-benefit and risk analysis. At the time of his death, he was Harry B. and James H. Higgins Professor of Economics at the Tepper School of Business, professor of engineering and public policy, director of the Green Design Institute, and co-director of the Electricity Industry Center at Carnegie Mellon University. He became a professor of economics at Carnegie Mellon University in 1963. That year, he also published his first research study, which considered the value of improved weather information to the Californian raisin industry.

Air pollution and health

In 1970, Lave and his student Eugene Seskin gained international prominence with the publication of an article in Science linking urban air pollution to higher mortality. They argued for "a strong association between all respiratory diseases and air pollution" and estimated "the amount saved [from reduced respiratory diseases] by a 50 percent reduction in air pollution in major urban areas would be $1222 million", with an additional saving of $468 million from reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which they noted "are surely underestimates". Lave's research helped to shape the development of the Clean Air Act and the way the Environmental Protection Agency supervised it,

Lave continued to monitor progress in tackling air pollution, though was sceptical that regulations like the Clean Air Act were as effective as environmentalists claimed. In a 1981 paper published by the Brookings Institution, Lave and Gilbert S. Omenn argued that much of the apparent progress in cleaning the air could be attributed to mediocre economic performance and the gradual switch from coal to relatively cleaner fuels like oil and natural gas.

A major methodological problem with Lave and Seskin's research was its reliance on cross-sectional data (based on statistical observations of a large number of essentially anonymous people at single points in time). As air pollution researchers C. Arden Pope and Douglas Dockery later pointed out, such: "population-based cross-sectional mortality rate studies were largely discounted by 1997 because of concern that they could not control for individual risk factors, such as cigarette smoking, which could potentially confound the air pollution effects". That problem was resolved when researchers switched to using cohort studies instead, which study known populations of people over long periods of time, so "can control for individual differences in age, sex, smoking history, and other risk factors". and its numerous follow-ups. One of its authors, C. Arden Pope, has noted the importance of Lave's earlier work and how it was largely overlooked for over two decades: "We should have just listened to him". notably in a scathing 1996 paper,

Lave also published numerous books and papers on risk management and was one of the first researchers to explore the concept of "risk risk", also known as (how reducing some risks can increase others). Lave summarized this idea with a caution:

Lave explored risk tradeoffs practically as well as theoretically. In 1995, in a study co-authored with colleagues from Carnegie Mellon, published in Science, he provoked controversy by arguing that, although electric cars could reduce the risk from air pollution, they might increase other environmental risks if their electricity was generated in environmentally harmful ways or they increased people's exposure to lead, which was then widely used in lead-acid rechargeable batteries. According to New Scientist, reaction to the study was "hostile" with critics arguing the authors had "missed the point completely" and accusing them of "misleading scare tactics". Either way, Lave and his colleagues had anticipated modern debates about the environmental impact of electric cars by many years.

Other activities

Lave briefly taught at Harvard University, Northwestern University, and the University of Pittsburgh, and spent four-years working as a senior fellow in the economic studies program at Brookings Institution in the 1980s. However, he spent most of his five-decade career at Carnegie Mellon University, where he was chair of the department of economics (1971–1978), presented "one of the first university courses on the economics of the environment", co-founded the Green Design Institute in 1992, and co-founded the Electricity Industry Center, an interdisciplinary group studying power-generation issues, in 2001.

Lave published 28 books and around 400 other publications and supervised around 40 doctoral students.

He served on the committees of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Awards

Lave's work on air pollution and public health was recognized by his election to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies in 1982. In 1987, CMU awarded him the George Leland Bach Teaching Award. The Society for Risk Analysis awarded Lave its Distinguished Achievement Award in 1998.

Selected publications Books

Papers