John Kells Ingram

John Kells Ingram (7 July 1823 – 1 May 1907) was an Irish mathematician, economist and poet. He has been co-credited, along with John William Stubbs, with introducing the geometric concept of inversion in a circle.

Biography Early life Ingram was born on 7 July 1823, at the Rectory of Templecarne (Aghnahoo), just south of Pettigo, a village in south-east County Donegal, Ireland into an Ulster Scots family.

Although his ancestry was Scottish Presbyterian, Ingram's grandparents had converted to Anglicanism. His grandfather Captain John Ingram ran a linen mill and had a business as a linen bleacher in Glennane (Lisdrumhure). He was active in the Volunteer Movement and financed in 1782 a volunteer corps in the County Armagh, known as Lisdrumhure Volunteers or Mountnorris Volunteers. His early scholarly publications (1842–1847) were in mathematics.

During his life, Ingram was President of the Library Association of Great Britain, co-founder of the National Library of Ireland, National Library trustee, The Nation was the publication of the radical and bourgeois-radical wing of Ó Conaill's movement for "repeal" of the Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain. Despite this poem, Ingram showed no nationalist sympathies at any time, maintaining that Ireland was not ready for self-government. "'The Memory of the Dead' was my only contribution to the 'Nation'," commented Ingram later. Nevertheless, before he died, Ingram made a manuscript copy of "Ninety Eight", proclaiming that he would always defend brave men who opposed tyranny.

It was set to music for voice and piano in 1845 by John Edward Pigot. Georg Ludwig von Maurer, William Petty, Francois Quesnay,

He also wrote on labour and trade issues, and connecting these to slavery, including domestic slavery in Europe from ancient times onward. His book, A History of Slavery and Serfdom was extremely successful, being translated into eleven languages and serving as a textbook till the 1920s. He also wrote the entries on sumptuary laws and slavery in the 9th,

Ingram was active in the fields of mathematics, archaeology, the classics, economics, etymology, law, literature, medieval manuscripts, poetry, religious speculation and Shakespearean criticism. He wrote extensively on Shakespearean syntax. He worked on advancing the science of classical etymology, notably in his Greek and Latin Etymology in England.

He also wrote papers on Mexican antiques and contributed papers to mathematical societies on differential calculus and geometrical analysis.

Literary works Ingram published several books of poetry and fiction: 1840 – Sonnets, Dublin University Magazine 1843 – The Memory of the Dead 1845 – The pirate's revenge, or, A tale of Don Pedro and Miss Lois Maynard, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1845 1846 – Amelia Somers, the orphan, or, The buried alive, Wright's Steam Power Press, Boston 1846 1897 – Love and Sorrow, priv., Dublin 1897 1900 – Sonnets and Other Poems, Adam & Charles Black, London 1900

Political views Ingram was an advocate of Home Rule for Ireland, though within the context of a more general devolution within the United Kingdom.

Philosophical views Ingram was a firm adherent of Auguste Comte and was also a positivist. He was influenced by the German Historical School. They had five children:

Francis Ernest Ingram, died 1866 Florence Beatrice Ingram, died 1918 John Kells Ingram, junior, died in South Africa Madeline Townley Balfour, died 1955 Thomas Dunbar Ingram, died in South Africa

Posthumous tributes Ingram's influence on economics was described by economist Richard Theodore Ely as:

Publications Non-fiction works 1843 – Geometrical properties of certain surfaces, Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Vol. I, pp. 57–63, 1843 1843 – On chordal envelopes, Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Vol. I, pp. 156–158, 1843 1843 – On the properties of inverse curves and surfaces, Transactions of the Dublin University Philosophical Society, Vol. I, pp. 159–162, 1843 1844 – XXVIII. New properties of surfaces of the second degree. To the editors of the Philosophical Magazine and Journal, Philosophical Magazine Series 3, Volume 25, Issue 165 September 1844, pages 188–192 1861 – On the opus majus of Roger Bacon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Ser. 1, Vol. VII, pp. 9–15, 1857–61 1864 – Considerations on the State of Ireland, Edward Ponsonby, Dublin 1864 1874 – Greek and Latin etymology in England, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. I, No. II, pp. 407–440, 1874 1863 – Notes on Shakespeare's historical plays, Trinity College Library, Ms. I. 6. 40 1863 – A paper on the chronological order of Shakespeare's plays, Trinity College Library, Ms. I. 6. 34 1863 – Latin etymological notes, by John Kells Ingram, Dublin: National Library of Ireland, Ms. 253 1864 – A comparison between the English and Irish poor laws with respect to the conditions of relief, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. IV, pp. 43–61, May 1864 1873 – Miscellaneous notes, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 247–250, 1873 1875 – Commonplace book of J. K. Ingram, 1880-1. Address by Ingram to the Dublin Shakespearean Society, 10 Dec 1875, Trinity College Library, Mss. I. 6. 36–37 1875 – On thama and thamakis in Pindar, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. III, pp. 217–227, 1875 1875 – Address at the opening of the twenty-ninth session; the organisation of charity and the education of the children of the state, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. VI, pp. 449–473, December 1875 1876 – Bishop Butler and Mr. Matthew Arnold, a note, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. IV, pp. 505–506, 1876 1876 – Greek and Latin etymology in England, No. II., Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. II, No. IV, pp. 428–442, 1876 1876 – Additional facts and arguments on the boarding-out of pauper children, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. VI, pp. 503–523, February 1876 (Later published as: – Additional facts and arguments on the boarding-out of pauper children: being a paper read before the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland on Tuesday, 18 January, Dublin, Edward Ponsonby, Dublin 1876) 1876 – Address of the President of Section F of the British Association, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, August 1876 1879 – [The Present Position and Prospects of Political Economy, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1879 1880 – Work and the workman : being an address to the Trades Union Congress in Dublin, September 1880 , Eason & Son, Dublin 1928 1881 – Report of Council on Mr. Jephson's suggestions as to Census for 1881, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1881 1881 – Etymological notes on Liddell and Scott's lexicon, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. IV, No. VII, pp. 105–120, 1881 1881 – Work and the workman: an address to the Trades' Union Congress, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. VIII, pp. 106–123, January 1881 1882 – On Two Collections of Mediaeval Moralized Tales, Dublin 1882 1883 – Notes on Latin lexicography, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol, IV, No, VIII, pp. 310–316, 1882, No. IX, pp. 402–412, 1883 1896 – An address delivered before the Royal Irish Academy on 24 February 1896, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin 1896 1888 – A correction, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. VI, No. XIV, pp. 366–367, 1888 1888 – On a fragment of an ante-Hieronymian version of the Gospels, in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin. See also Ser.2, Vol. III, Pp. 374–5, 1845–7, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Polite Literature and AntiquitiesSer. 2, Vol. II, pp. 22–23, 1879–88 1888 – A History of Political Economy Edinburgh, Adam & Charles Black, London 1888; Macmillan, New York 1894; McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought, number ingram1888 (on line)], Dodo Press, 2008, 1888 – Essays in Political Economy 1889 – Memoir of the late William Neilson Hancock, Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Vol. IX, pp. 384–393, August 1889 1889 – Memoir of the late William Neilson Hancock, LL.D., Q.C, Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 1881 – 1891 – Presidential Address reviewing the affairs of the Academy since its foundation, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Ser. 3, Vol. II, (Appendix) pp. 107–28, 1891–3 1892 – The past and present work of the Royal Irish Academy : an address delivered at the stated meeting of that body, 30 November 1892, Ponsonby & Weldrick, Dublin 1892 1893 – Etymological notes on Lewis and Short's Latin dictionary -, Hermathena: a Dublin University review, Vol. VIII, No. XIX, pp. 326–343, 1893 1893 – English translation of the first three books of Thomas à Kempis – De imitatione Christi – by JKI (16 editions published between 1893 and 1987 in English, held by 331 libraries worldwide) 1893 – Etymological notes on Lewis and Short's Latin dictionary - 1895 – A History of Slavery and Serfdom, Adam & Charles Black, London 1895; Macmillan, New York 1895 (reprinted Lightning Source (2007), ) 1901 – 1900 – Outlines of history of religion, London 1900, General Books, 2009, 1904 – Practical Morals. A Treatise on Universal Education, London 1904 1905 – The Final Transition. A Sociological Study, London 1905

Correspondence Richard Congreve, six letters (and c.150 of Congreve's to Ingram), 1861–1899. (BL Add. MSS. 45228, 45233). Richard Theodore Ely, four letters, 1880s. (Ely papers, University of Wisconsin, Madison). William Ewart Gladstone, nine letters, 1873. (B. M. Add. MSS. 44437-44438). William Stanley Jevons, two letters, 1881. (Jevons papers, Manchester JRUL) Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie, one letter, 1878. (London UL, AL 63).