Jerzy Sikorski

Jerzy Sikorski (born July 25, 1935) is a Polish historian, Copernicologist, medievalist, museologist, author, publisher, journalist, and encyclopedist, who writes and publishes primarily in Polish. He is a resident of Olsztyn, Poland.

Life Early life Jerzy Sikorski was born on July 25, 1935, in Vilnius (Polish: Wilno), to Anna Wołk-Lewanowicz (1914–1995) and Feliks Sikorski (1889–1980). Five years later (1940) Sikorski's sister Maria Danuta was born.

In October 1944, during World War II, Sikorski's mother Anna was arrested by the People's Commissariat for State Security along with 40 other people, when she was exposed as a courier between Vilnius' "Kedyw" and the general staff of the Polish Home Army. Early in January 1945 Sikorski's father Feliks was also arrested because he was a soldier of the 1st Polish Corps under the Polish general Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki in the Polish-Soviet War,, but he was released after three months. Upon his release, Feliks made efforts to obtain Anna's release from prison, locate and take care of Jerzy and Maria, and reunite his family. Anna was released from prison camp in June 1946, and the family moved to Olsztyn. They chose Olsztyn based on the fact that most of the Vilnius board of education where Feliks once worked had been evacuated to Olsztyn, and Feliks could resume his position there.

Education Following World War II, Sikorski's mother was prevented from teaching due to political persecution. After Sikorski graduated from high school in 1953, he was repeatedly denied entry to university in spite of passing exams in Gdańsk, Warsaw, Toruń, and Poznań. Each time, he received the characteristic preprinted postcard with "not accepted due to lack of space". On the advice of a Polish studies specialist teacher (Polish philologist), Janina Kirkicka, Sikorski was able to enroll in a two-year teacher's college in Olsztyn, but after two weeks the director Bolesław Wytrążek instructed Sikorski to leave the college, due to the decision of the local Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) in Olsztyn. Through , who was the director at the Museum of Warmia and Masuria located at Olsztyn Castle, Sikorski obtained employment (1954–1955) at the , which was under the patronage of the regional museum in Olsztyn. The work at Frombork's museum and the person of the great Polish Astronomer Nicolas Copernicus, who spent most of his life in Frombork and Warmia region, made a lasting impression on Sikorski. As a result, Copernicus and Copernicana research became the dominant subject in Sikorski's lifetime work and in his professional affiliations with various research centers. Ultimately, it led to Sikorski's discovery and publication of Copernicus' resting place at Frombork's cathedral in 1973, which was confirmed archaeologically in 2005.

In the fall of 1955 Sikorski enrolled at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, where he chose to study under professor , who among other scholarly pursuits studied and researched the life and politics of Copernicus' maternal uncle, Bishop Lucas Watzenrode. Sikorski wrote his master's thesis on Watzenrode, and subsequently wrote his doctoral dissertation "Polish monarchy and Warmia at the end of the 15th century: Issues in systemic-law and politics".

Upon completing of his academic studies at the Nicolas Copernicus University in Toruń in 1960, Sikorski accepted a position at the Museum of Warmia at Lidzbark Warmiński Castle, where Copernicus spent at least seven years (1503–1509). Copernicus had strong ties to the city of Lidzbark, and had visited there at the invitation of his maternal uncle Bishop Lucas Watzenrode in 1495. Sikorski worked at the museum from 1961 to 1962.

Lidzbark Warmiński Castle was of substantial significance for Jerzy Sikorski's Copernicana studies in terms of the history of astronomy; as well as because the castle was a strongly fortified seat of the bishops of Warmia and the administration center of their lands from the second half of the 14th century. At that time, Lidzbark city had one of the largest populations in Warmia, similar to Braniewo. In Lidzbark, Sikorski researched historic documents pertaining to the history of Poland's Baltic seashore (Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Prussia), and its extant architectural relics, documents, and other materials relating to Nicolaus Copernicus. Following the death of bishop Watzenrode in Toruń on March 29, 1512, Copernicus only sporadically visited Lidzbark, either as an emissary of the Warmia Chapter, or as a personal medical doctor for the successive bishops: (d. 1523), Mauritius Ferber (Polish: Maurycy Ferber 1471–1537), and Johannes Dantiscus (Polish: Jan Dantyszek; 1485–1548). Three updated editions were published, in 1985, 1995, and 2011.

History of Science consultant

Dr Jerzy Sikorski is credited for history of science consultation in the opening titles to the Polish motion picture Kopernik, released in Toruń, Poland, on February 14, 1973. The film was released on the occasion of the world and United Nations celebrations of the 500th anniversary of Copernicus' birth that were organized by the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science.

Journalist Between 1966 and 2007 Jerzy Sikorski published a number of articles in Mazury-Warmian Communications , on the history of Poland's ancestral Baltic seashore Pomerania, and the Polish regions of Warmia and Masuria. He also published articles on the life and activities of the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.

Sikorski was a member of the editorial staff at Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie, and also a member of staff at Frombork's Commentaries (Komentarze Fromborskie), and also the substitute editor-in-chief of Olsztyn Yearly ,

Encyclopedist Jerzy Sikorski published a number of short biographies of Warmian Chapter canons and members in the Polish Biographical Dictionary, which is printed by the Polish Academy of Sciences. These included biographies of Preuck Jan (1575–1631), Preuck Jerzy (d. 1556), Reich Feliks (c. 1475–1539), Sculteti Aleksander (1485–1564), Sculteti Bernard (d. 1518), and Sculteti Jan (d. 1526).

Copernicologist

Copernicus' Polish nationality and descent

Reviewing the document Locationes mansorum desertorum (Allocation of abandoned fiefs), which was written by Copernicus in the region of Olsztyn Castle, Olsztyn, Poland, Jerzy Sikorski discovered that, out of the 136 names of allocation of fiefs, 60 were Polish names (peasants had only first names) written in phonetically correct Polish.

Copernicus' resting place

Location of Copernicus' observatories

Photographs of Frombork Cathedral and defensive walls, Copernicus' extant Canonic Curia inside the walls (Curiae intra muros), and the location of Copernicus' no-longer-extant Canonic Curia outside walls (Curiae extra muros).

Sikorski discovered the location of Copernicus' Canonic Curia outside the walls of Frombork (the Curiae extra muros).

On the fifteenth anniversary of the Warmia-Mazury Business Club, the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński gave presidential orders and awards to deserving club members. On March 28, 2008, the title "Personality of the Year 2008 in Warmia and Mazury" was awarded to Jerzy Sikorski for his research into the life and science of Nicolas Copernicus, and for his 1973 discovery of Copernicus's resting place.

Works Sikorski Jerzy (1966). Mikołaj Kopernik na Warmii-Chronologia Życia I Działalności, (Nicolaus Copernicus in Warmia: Chronology of His Life and Activities by Jerzy Sikorski), published by: Stacja Naukowa Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego (Instytut Mazurski) w Olsztynie, Olsztyn 1968; originally published in, quarterly: "Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie" 1966 nr 2-4, 1967 nr 1-2. Sikorski Jerzy (1973). Prywatne Życie Mikołaja Kopernika, wyd. 1, Olsztyn 1973. Sikorski Jerzy (1978). Monarchia polska i Warmia u schyłku XV wieku. Zagadnienia prawno-ustrojowe i polityczne, Olsztyn, 1978 Sikorski Jerzy (1985). Prywatne Życie Mikołaja Kopernika, wyd. 2 uzupełnione, Olsztyn 1985. Sikorski Jerzy (1988). Spotkanie się i bitwa straszna Polaków z Krzyżakami 15 lipca 1410 roku (wybór i przekł. [z łac.] Jerzy Sikorski ; oprac. graf. Mieczysław Romańczuk), Olsztyn, 1988. Sikorski Jerzy (1993). Z zagadnień organizacji i warsztatu naukowego Mikołaja Kopernika, quarterly, Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie, 1993, nr 2 (200), s.131-166, Olsztyn 1993. (Pertains to: "On the issues of organization and the scientific workshop of Nicolas Copernicus.") Sikorski Jerzy (1995). Prywatne Życie Mikołaja Kopernika, wyd. 3 uzupełnione, Prószyński i S-ka Warszawa 1995. Sikorski Jerzy (2003). Przywilej lokacyjny miasta Olsztyn (przekł. z jęz. łac. Anna Mrówczyńska, Jerzy Sikorski ; grafika Maria Rubik-Grabska ; red. Barbara Wojczulanis), Olsztyn, 2003. Sikorski Jerzy (2005). Grób Mikołaja Kopernika w katedrze biskupów warmińskich we Fromborku na tle Polityki grzebalnej kapituły w XV-XVI wieku. Castri Dominae Nostrae Litterae Annales, red. J. Gąssowski, vol. II. Pułtusk 2005, s. 81 – 173. Sikorski Jerzy (2006). The tomb of Nicolaus Copernicus In the Warmia bishops' cathedral in Frombork against the background of the chapters burial practice in the 15th – 18th centuries. /in:/. The search for Nicolaus Copernicus Tomb, ed. J. Gąssowski, Pułtusk., pp. 73 –165. Sikorski Jerzy (2010). Bitwa straszna Polaków z Krzyżakami : Jan Długosz (wybór i przekł. [z łac.] Jerzy Sikorski ; oprac. graf. Marcin Łabaj ; zdj. Witold Mierzejewski), Olsztyn, 2010. Sikorski Jerzy (2011). Prywatne Życie Mikołaja Kopernika. wyd. 3 uzupełnione, Olsztyn, Pracownia Wydawnicza ElSet, Olsztyn 2011. (Pertains to: "The Private Life of Nicolas Copernicus"). Sikorski Jerzy, Jasiński Janusz (2014). Mikołaj Kopernik, Immanuel Kant: Dwie najwybitniejsze postacie nauki na ziemiach niegdyś pruskich. Pracownia Wydawnicza "ElSet", Olsztyn 2014. Jerzy Sikorski (2014), Mikołaj Kopernik na Warmii oraz jego podróże do Wilna i Królewca. Janusz Jasiński (2014). Professor Kant – Największą Chlubą Królewca. . Sikorski Jerzy (2015). "The mystery of Nicolaus Copernicus's grave – myths and reality". Peer-reviewed article by Professor Karolina Targosz, Habilitated Doctor in Humanities (Ludwik and Aleksander Birkenmajer Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences), translated by Mr. Filip Klepacki. Kraków, 2015. Michał Kokowski (ed.), The Nicolaus Copernicus Grave Mystery. A Dialogue Of Experts Polish Academy Of Arts And Sciences, 2015, Kraków, Poland.