Haddon Salt

Haddon Norman Salt (born 18 October 1928) is a BritishAmerican businessman, best known for founding the fast food chain H. Salt Esq. Fish & Chips and for acting as that company's brand ambassador, spokesman, and symbol. Salt followed his father and grandfather's careers, becoming a master fish cook and purveyor of fish and chips.

"I came over not simply to start a restaurant, but to introduce America to fish and chips, as grandiose as that dream sounds now". When Salt arrived in America in 1964, Britons ate an average of 100 pounds of fish per year, while Americans ate only 10 pounds per year. Salt said, "The way some of it is handled, I can see why".

Salt opened his first fish and chips shop in California in 1965. His business was acquired by the Kentucky Fried Chicken corporation in 1969. The sale made Salt the third largest stockholder in KFC, at the time the world's largest fast-food company.

KFC was not successful in the large-scale expansion of the H.Salt Esq. chain and sold the brand and business in 1972. Salt explained the brand's failure, saying "They started lowering the standards of the quality of the fish, and so the [sales] volumes of the restaurants went down and people stopped buying franchises, so that was the end of it. And it didn't grow anymore".

Salt left the company in 1972.

Early life

Salt was born October 18, 1928, in Stanfree, Derbyshire, England, the only child to Charles Haddon and May Salt. Diagnosed with a terminal ailment at eight years old, doctors said nothing could be done. In 2016, Salt said "My parents turned to Christian Science and its primitive healing philosophy by which you could measure the outcome. Now at 88 and healthy, I look at Christianity from a scientific viewpoint."

Salt attended a private school in England. At 16, he worked at "Salt's Sea Fresh", his father's fish and chip store at the family's seaside resort in Skegness, Lincolnshire, England where he saw enthusiastic acceptance and demand for fish and chips from United States Air Force airmen stationed at nearby RAF East Kirkby station. He spent two years in the Royal Navy. Salt married Grace Lawson in 1949 and the couple emigrated to Canada with $37. After three years and a series of odd jobs, they returned to Skegness where Salt went back to work, helping at his father's fish and chips shop.

Emigration from Great Britain

In 1960, Salt purchased a restaurant in England, sold it in 1964, and emigrated with his wife and three children to California with $10,000. Salt sold the Griddle diner in San Rafael in January 1966.

Fish and chips store expansion

Salt next opened "Salt's English Fish & Chips Shop", initially offering "take home" service at 813 Bridgeway in Sausalito, California in August 1965. By 1966, the Sausalito store was selling fish and chips in a checked paper basket and encouraging customers to "eat fish as you walk along... very common in England".

By 1967, Salt owned two more fish and chips stores, one in Sunnyvale and one in Santa Cruz. They were now named "H. Salt, esq. Authentic English Fish and Chips Shoppe".

Sales plan for fish frying ranges

Salt was the sole United States and Canadian sales agent for Henry Nuttall fish and chip frying ranges and related equipment. Salt specified Nuttall equipment for his franchised fish and chip stores. Salt said the ranges were "the heart of the operation".

Growth from franchised stores

When Salt sold his first franchise store in San Rafael, he was negotiating the sale of three additional franchises in Menlo Park, San Jose, and Walnut Creek. Salt had settled on "that fertile field of franchisesSouthern California". Salt was referred to as "president of the world's largest chain of fish and chips stores". The company also had offices in Los Angeles, California and Chicago, Illinois.

Unique interlocking franchise fees

An H. Salt Esq. franchise in 1968 cost approximately $22,000 . A prospective franchisee had to have $10,000 to $12,000 in cash and could finance the rest. Salt reasoned "A man may walk away from a $5,000 investment if things get tough, but he probably has $10,000 only once in his life and he'll fight to protect it". The average H. Salt Esq. store at the time made $100,000 per year and a franchisee netted an average of $25,000 annually before taxes.

Salt's marketing built awareness and demand

Salt quickly built a strong brand identity through his carefully crafted marketing. After branding the franchise using his identity, he immediately started using area newspaper and radio advertising to build awareness and demand for his fish and chips. Building on the British tradition of wrapping fish and chips in pages of newsprint, Salt used special food wrapping paper printed with London Times newspaper articles to give his orders a feeling of authenticity. Salt advertised his stores would accept "either British or American currency".

Naming the brand

When Salt decided to start franchising his fish and chips stores, marketing advisers suggested he use "a real English name such as 'British' or 'London', or 'Picadilly' or 'Old English'" to name his brand. He disagreed, saying "I turned thumbs down on the idea. In England, as you may know, a good shop carries the name of the merchant. A man who takes pride in the product he is offering the public and who personally stands behind it. It is not a matter of ego but of responsibility to your customers... Therefore, I insisted my name be on the sign". when Kentucky Fried Chicken offered him $12.5million in KFC stock and a "joint agreement to open 200 units in seven states".

Negotiating the sale of H. Salt. Esq. Fish & Chips

Salt discussed the reasons and process involved in his 1968 decision to sell his business to KFC in The New York Times film documentary The King of Fish and Chips:

We were opening stores everywhere. We eventually wound up with 500. We were growing so quickly. I realized how many components it would take to make this thing work, but only if you do it right. And that's the hard part... getting people to do it right. I admired KFC as the leading food company. They were ahead of McDonald's in those days. When they went public, every franchisee became a multi-millionaire. Within a year the company was worth 500 million [dollars], from two million [dollars]. KFC newspaper ads offered franchise opportunities, saying:

In the copy, Salt claimed, "I'll do for English fish and chips what the colonel did for chicken". Salt would "continue as president of the company, which will be a Kentucky Fried Chicken subsidiary" and "will perform a publicity role like other corporate figureheads". Current and former KFC franchisees were given "first crack" at purchasing H.Salt Esq. franchises.

KFC increased franchise fees by 450%

KFC increased the fee to franchise an H. Salt Esq. Fish & Chips store from $20,000 to $90,000 . The first store to open under the terms of the new agreement was in Louisville, Kentucky. When an H. Salt Esq. store opened in Dayton, Ohio in November 1969, the store saw a first-day total of 2,300 orders of fish and chips.

In 1971, KFC pared back additions to the H.Salt fish and chips menu. Salt said, "We tried shrimp... but it spoiled the taste of the fish". After Salt left the company in 1972, KFC once again added shrimp and other seafood to the H.Salt Fish & Chips menu.

Corporate buy-back of existing franchises

KFC quickly started a buy-back program of franchised H.Salt Esq. stores in late 1969, quickly purchasing previously franchised units. By November 1969, KFC owned 464 H.Salt Esq. outlets.

KFC acquired by Heublein

In July 1971, KFC president John Y. Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and liquor corporation, for $285 million . The business model moving forward called for the closing or franchising of 168 H.Salt Esq. outlets. Salt's contract as "chairman of the fish and chips division" would be assumed by Hueblein according to the sale agreement.

"The Colonel's" store format offered H. Salt Fish & Chips

"The Colonel's", a new small-scale franchise store format initiated by KFC in 1971 was meant for communities of less than 10,000. The stores sold H. Salt Fish & Chips as well as Kentucky Fried Chicken, hamburgers, milkshakes, soft ice cream, and "tasty sandwiches created by Colonel Sanders".

End of Salt's involvement with H. Salt Fish & Chips

Salt reflecting on his franchise's end

"All my life, everything I touched turned to gold. Then suddenly, it went the other way. They weren't selling chicken, they were selling Colonel Sanders. They weren't selling fish, they were selling me. They really didn't grasp what the idea was. I was trying to get middle-class people into a business and give them the joy of self-employment. They [KFC] didn't get that. They worked on me big time, they didn't work on the company. They started lowering the standards of the quality of the fish, and so the (sales) volumes of the restaurants went down and people stopped buying franchises, so that was the end of it. And it didn't grow anymore. I don't feel responsible. I don't feel guilty. I did sell out". Salt owns and plays a Zeta Music Systems electric violin.

Cutting horse supporter and competitor

In the 1970s, Salt developed an interest in cutting horses, becoming a breeder, rider, and supporter of the breed and associated equine activities in California and across America. In 1971, Salt's quarter horse "Joe Duhan", ridden by Matlock Rose ranked fifth in the Open Horse category of that year's National Cutting Horse Association World Championship. Salt's horse "Joy Joe", ridden by NCHA Hall of Fame rider Leon Harrel was the 1974 winner of the National Cutting Horse Futurity.

Salt allowed various NCHA Championship competitions to be held on his 350-acre "H.Salt Esquire Ranch" in Sonoma, California. The ranch featured an indoor, full-size horse show arena. In 1974, a Pacific Coast Cutting Horse Association competition saw 20 of "the nation's top horses and riders" compete for a total of $20,000 in prize money.

Land developer

In 1975, Salt was president of Mirasol Corporation and a partner in Salt-Ballard Properties. Both businesses were involved in land development in San Rafael, California, and Mazatlan, Mexico.

Fish farming and conservation

Salt has had a continued interest in improving fish stocks through farming and conservation. In 1970 he said "It is difficult to order good fish in American restaurants". Salt suggested propagation practices in use at the time in Iceland would allow farming codfish "on a sustained yield basis". He also decried the practice of trawling codfish on long voyages saying the practice "impairs the flavor". Salt preferred the practice of line-caught fishing from smaller boats which allowed for faster freezing of a catch. In 1970, Salt said the fishing industry is "in deplorable condition" and was "dying". He helped establish and finance legislative lobby groups to help the industry. He created two "healthy and successful" fisheries, including Sea Fresh Fisheries, Inc. in 1978, based in Borrego Springs, California.