Gerald Bonner

Gerald Bonner (18 June 1926 – 22 May 2013) was a conservative Anglican Early Church historian and scholar of religion, who lectured at the Department of Theology of Durham University from 1964 to 1988. He was also an author and an internationally distinguished scholar of patristic studies. Nigel was awarded the Polar Medal in 1987.

Education and war service

At the age of ten, Bonner was awarded a scholarship to the Stationers' Company's School in Hornsey, where he was educated, from 1936 to 1944. However, in 1939, the school was evacuated to Wisbech for several years, due to World War II. It was during this period, as a thirteen-year-old schoolboy in 1939, that a sermon sparked Bonner's lifelong interest in St. Augustine.

In 1944, at the age of eighteen, he joined the Army, serving as a wireless operator in Palestine with the First King's Dragoon Guards before returning to England for officer training in 1947 and subsequently joining the regiment in its deployment to Libya. the Jesuit hall of studies at Oxford.

British Museum England was still suffering from the effects of the war, and twenty-seven year-old Bonner required employment. As the result of a "rare opportunity", he left Oxford for London, to work in the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum.

Bonner worked with the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum, from 1953 until 1964, serving under Bertram Schofield and Theodore Cressy Skeat. The opportunity to work with such a fine collection of manuscripts, and with the noted scholars on staff, was indeed, a "rare opportunity". However, there were frustrations, due to the backlog of uncataloged manuscripts which had accumulated during the war years. As a result, the staff were obliged to spend most of their time cataloguing mundane collections.

Some of his more interesting cataloging responsibilities included a tenth century Greek manuscript of the orations of the Cappadocian Father, St. Gregory Nazianzen, a 4th-century Archbishop of Constantinople, and theologian.

Bonner also cataloged the letters of David Livingstone, a Christian missionary, and explorer of Africa. It was Livingstone's meeting with Henry Morton Stanley on 10 November 1871 that gave rise to the popular quote, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"

The Crum Papers, of Walter Ewing Crum, proved of particular interest to Bonner, because of Crum's work compiling an authoritative Coptic dictionary.

In addition to his duties at the Museum, Bonner found time to pursue independent scholarship, and publish his first scholarly essays.

Bonner's interest in St. Augustine, sparked at the age of thirteen, came to fruition when, in 1963, he published his seminal study, St. Augustine of Hippo: Life and Controversies, the first of his published works on this important Church Father. The "Church Fathers" were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity.

Durham University Department of Theology While attending the Oxford Patristic Conference of 1963, Bonner chanced to meet Hugh Turner, an Anglican priest, theologian, and academic. Turner invited him to apply for a lecturership at Durham University. He joined the Theology Department at Durham in 1964, and served as resident historian, and teacher of church history until 1988.

At the beginning of Bonner's tenure, the Department of Theology was "housed" in scattered rooms in different buildings. As the department grew, it acquired additional faculty members, many of whom were laypeople. It was necessary to consolidate, and to establish a departmental building. near the cathedral, was designated to house the newly enlarged Department of Theology. Bonner moved from his old office, (a former shop on the Bailey) and established his new office in the Abbey House. In 1986, the cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site. Within the outward grandeur of the cathedral, are housed the mortal remains of two figures who were highly influential in the development of Christianity in the North of England. Durham Cathedral hosts the tomb of St. Bede and of St. Cuthbert, both of whom are northern saints.

Some of Bonner's theological work at the university was involved with the study of Bede and Cuthbert.

Shrine of the Venerable Bede, in Durham Cathedral; Bonner selected the quotation which is displayed on the wall above the saint's tomb. Bonner's work on St. Bede (buried in the Galilee Chapel of the cathedral) reflected the fact that in 1964, early Northumbrian history was taught only by an archaeologist, Rosemary Cramp. The literary products of Northumbrian culture received little scrutiny. Building on the work of the Durham antiquarian Bertram Colgrave, Bonner undertook to promote greater understanding beginning with his 1966 Jarrow Lecture, entitled St. Bede in the Tradition of Western Apocalyptic Commentary.

He organised the Bedan Conference of 1973, authored the catalogue for the 1974 Sunderland Exhibition on Bede, and edited a book of essays for the thirteenth centenary of Bede in 1976. Later he selected (at the request of Canon Douglas Jones, the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity) a quotation from Bede's work to be displayed above Bede's tomb. Bonner presented a paper for the Cuthbert Conference of 1987, published as St. Cuthbert, His Cult and His Community to A.D. 1200.

Because he wished to ensure the appointment of a successor to his position, he decided to retire early, in 1988.

St. Augustine

Despite his other scholarly works, the study of St. Augustine remained as a primary interest. During his tenure at Durham, he continued to produce articles concerning Augustine, and was requested to write about Augustine for dictionaries, lexicons and encyclopedias. A collection of essays, God's Decree and Man's Destiny. Studies on the thought of Augustine of Hippo was published in 1987. Church and Faith in the Patristic Tradition: Augustine, Pelagianism, and Early Christian Northumbria was published in 1996. The university is the only institution of higher education founded by U.S. Catholic bishops.

During this period, he taught courses on Augustine, Bede, and the Desert Fathers. His family moved to America to join him in Washington, D.C., after the first year. At the end of his stay at CUA, he was presented with the Johannes Quasten Prize for leadership and excellence, an award named for a patristic scholar. and built connections with prominent Anglican and Orthodox churchmen.

Because of his work with the Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius, Bonner maintained an association over the years with Eastern Orthodoxy. After his death, his entire patristic book collection was donated to the University of Sofia.

Theological views

He was openly critical of the theological pronouncements of David Jenkins, whose elevation to the See of Durham in 1984 he felt obliged to protest.

On 26 May 1984, an editorial in The Times entitled "A Bishop's Beliefs", discussed the controversy concerning David Jenkins' public pronouncements. In the same issue appeared a letter from Gerald Bonner:

In response, another letter to The Times, 6 June 1984, addressed Bonner's statement. A chaplain of Exeter College disagreed, stating that he would not "disparage Mr. Bonner’s well advertised liberality", the writer wished to remind Bonner "that The Church of England is supported by a wide variety of other people. If he [Bonner] rattles his purse whenever his bishop offends him, he will deserve the hireling he seems to expect."

Jenkins' public pronouncements caused great disquiet, particularly within his own diocese. As a result of doubts concerning his elevation to bishop, a petition signed by more than 12,000 people was submitted to the Archbishop of York.

After reluctantly agreeing to stand for the General Synod of the Church of England in 1990, Bonner resigned his seat following his appointment to the CUA professorship. "Enquiry agents" or inspectors, are allowed to investigate possible unlicensed viewing in a dwelling. However, the occupant is well within his/her rights to deny answering any questions (remain silent) and is under no obligation to allow entry into the property. If denied entry by the home's occupants, the agents obtain a search warrant, in order to enter.

As noted in his 15 January 1990 letter to The Times, Gerald Bonner did not own a television. For several years, he had maintained his legal right to refuse to answer inspector's questions. He stated: "Suspicion had been engendered by the fact that I had refused, over a period of several years, to answer inspectors' enquiries, since I did not see why I should have to deny possessing what I did not possess and did not want, when I was not legally compelled to do so."

On 12 January 1990, two license inspectors, along with two police officers, arrived to search his home. The warrant that they produced was "inadequatedly dated", as it did not state the year, and furthermore, was only valid for one month. Bonner stated: "It would appear that those who enforce law and order do not apply their principles to their own affairs."

In the letter, he said that "most disturbing aspect of the affair", in his opinion was that: "...in Britain at the end of the 20th century, not to own a television receiver automatically makes an individual an object of suspicion and subject to investigation."

They had two children, Jeremy and Damaris.

Gerald Bonner died on 22 May 2013, at the age of eighty-six.

Awards

Johannes Quasten Prize for leadership and excellence. Presented by the Catholic University of America