FDM printing file formats

FDM (fused deposition modeling) printing is a popular type of 3D printing, it is used throughout different engineering industries (medical, robotics, automotive) FDM printing is popular because it can produce near finished models of hardware with a short manufacturing process also known as rapid prototyping. This kind of printing was first developed and patented in 1989 by Stratasys

A key aspect of FDM printing is the use of specialized file formats that contain the data necessary to guide the printing process. These formats encode information about the 3D model, including its geometry, print settings and tool paths,

Background

Charles Hull and the invention of stereolithography

G-code G-code is a programming language used to control CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines, including FDM printers. Originating in the 1950s and 1960s, G-code specifies the movements and operations essential for the 3D printing process.

Although G-code is versatile and widely used, it can be complex and may vary between different printer models. Despite these limitations, G-code remains the standard language for 3D printing, enabling precise control over the printing process. Their goal was to address the limitations of older file formats like the STL. The 3MF format is designed to be the solution for modern 3D printing, offering better features and being completely open-source

Like the STL format, 3MF files use a triangular mesh to represent the geometry of a CAD model. However, 3MF ensures that the mesh follows a 100% manifold format, This makes STEP files particularly valuable in industries like aerospace, automotive and industrial design, where precise data is critical.

In the context of FDM printing, STEP files are often used during the design phase, where detailed and accurate models are created in CAD software. These models are sometimes compatible with slicing software, but are usually converted into more specialized 3D printing formats like STL or 3MF for the printing process.

Use cases for each format

STL

Use Case: STL format is the oldest and most common format for FDM printing. STEP-NC works with the STEP (ISO 10303) standard and with process models to guide CNC systems. STEP-NC has already been integrated in milling and turning CNC tools. Its integration with FDM printing is possible and would revolutionize 3D printing.

Benefits Improved Precision: Using Step files FDM printing would maintain the integrity of the 3D model in the print. Streamlined Workflow: With STEP-NC and STEP files working together the CAD/CAM/CNC chain would be fully integrated.

Challenges Adapting STEP-NC for FDM printing: The challenge lies in creating specialized process models tailored to FDM printing.

Future updates to 3MF and AMF formats

Both 3MF and AMF formats are open source formats which means they can be improved by the average users and therefore have potential for development.