Ernst Friedrich

Ernst Friedrich (25 February 1894 – 2 May 1967) was a German anarcho-pacifist.

Life

Childhood and youth Ernst Friedrich was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) as the 13th child of a cleaning lady and a saddler. After finishing elementary school, he started an apprenticeship as a bookprinter in 1908. Soon after, he quit the apprenticeship and started studying acting. He earned money by working in a factory. He was one of the founders of the Breslau Association for Youth Workers. In 1911, he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. From 1912 until 1914 he travelled in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Switzerland. In 1914, he made his acting debut in his hometown and had a performance at the royal theater in Potsdam.

World War I He was drafted in World War I and decided to become a conscientious objector. As a result, he was admitted to a mental hospital. He was convicted of sabotage of military activities and imprisoned in Potsdam in 1917. At the end of 1918 he came free due to the German Revolution of 1918–1919.

Weimar Republic Friedrich was actively involved in the Spartacist uprising. After the end of the war, he was a member of the youth organisation Freie sozialistische Jugend by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. After its dissolution in 1920, he founded his own anarchist youth group "Freie Jugend" in Berlin. The group was also founded in Preußen, Sachsen, Thüringen, Rheinland, Westfalen as well as in Austria and Switzerland. The magazine Freie Jugend connected the different groups and was published by Friedrich until 1926. From 1923 on, the group fusioned with the Syndikalistisch-Anarchistische Jugend Deutschlands (SAJD), an anarcho-syndicalist youth movement that promoted antimilitarism. In between the two World Wars, he was an antimilitarist activist. Among other activities, he was a speaker at an anti-war demonstration in front of Berlin Cathedral on 31 July 1921 that had over 100,000 participants.

His flat in Friedrichshain became a meeting place and a commune for young anarchists.

In 1936, he opened a new museum in Brussels, which was again destroyed after the German invasion of Belgium in 1940. Ernst Friedrich escaped with his son, also called Ernst, to France. There he was arrested by the Vichy regime and became a prisoner in the St. Cyprien camp, and afterwards in the Gurs internment camp. After 18 months, he was able to escape. In 1943, he was discovered by the Gestapo. He escaped once more and became a member of the French Resistance. Close to the village Barre-des-Cévennes in the Département Lozère he ran the farm "La Castelle" together with his second wife Marthe Saint-Pierre.

After World War II After the war, Friedrich became a member of the French Socialist Party. Since 1947, he was working on building up a new anti-war museum in Paris.

He received a grant of 1,000 dollars from an international foundation. He bought a boat and turned it into the peace boat Arche de Noé ("Noah's Ark"). He parked it at the Seine island at Villeneuve-la-Garenne. He published three numbers of the magazine Bordbrief from 1950 until 1953.

In 1954 he received compensation money for losing his property and for his wounds due to the Third Reich. With this money, he bought 3,000 m2 of forest on a Seine island close to Le Perreux-sur-Marne. There he built an international youth center in 1954. From 1961 on, it was a youth center for working youth.

Towards the end of his life he was suffering from severe depression. His grave is at the 5th division of the cemetery of Le Perreux-sur-Marne, Val-de-Marne.

Legacy

The island he bought was sold after his death. His literary estate was destroyed.

In 1982, the anti-war museum in Berlin was reopened.

Writings

Proletarischer Kindergarten. Ein Märchen- und Lesebuch für Kinder. Illustrations by Käthe Kollwitz, Karl Holtz, Otto Nagel and others. Buchverlag der Arbeiter-Kunst-Ausstellung, Berlin 1921. Krieg dem Kriege! Guerre à la guerre. War against War. 2 volumes. Verlag Freie Jugend, Berlin 1924 and 1926. Festung Gollnow (part of the series Menschen im Käfig). With pictures by Svend Nielsen. Kulturverlag, Berlin 1932. Das Anti-Kriegsmuseum. Berlin 1926. Vom Friedensmuseum zur Hitlerkaserne. Ein Tatsachenbericht über das Wirken von Ernst Friedrich und Adolf Hitler (autobiography), Schwarz, St. Gallen / Genossenschafts-Buchhandlung, Zurich 1935.

Editor of the following magazines:

Freie Jugend (1919–1926) Die Waffen nieder! (1921) Der freie Mensch (1924) Schwarze Fahne (1925–1929) Bordbrief (1950–1953)