Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou

Chai Rong (27 October 921 ), later known as Guo Rong , also known by his temple name as the Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou, was the second emperor of the Later Zhou dynasty of China, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned from 954 until his death in 959. He succeeded his uncle-in-law Guo Wei (Emperor Taizu), whose surname he had adopted.

Emperor Shizong is considered a highly successful emperor of the Five Dynasties period. He centralized military power by his reforms, and proved his military prowess by a series of victories against Northern Han, Later Shu, Southern Tang, and the Liao dynasty. Although his accomplishments were limited due to his premature death, they paved the way for the eventual unification of large parts of China proper by the Northern Song, founded by his trusted generals Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Guangyi.

Early life Chai Rong was born in Xingzhou (邢州; modern Xingtai, Hebei). As a child he came to live with his aunt — a younger sister of his father Chai Shouli — and her husband Guo Wei, an official in the Later Tang military. The Guos had no sons, so they adopted the quiet nephew as their own. The youngster grew up into a muscular young man skilled at mounted archery, while also possessing a basic understanding of Chinese classics, history, and the Huang-Lao philosophy. and his adopted son became the Left Commandant for Palace-gate Security .

In 950, the Later Han emperor Liu Chengyou unexpectedly killed the entire family of Guo Wei as a plot to liquidate the most powerful ministers in his nation. Guo Wei decided to rebel. As Guo Rong's wife Lady Liu and children including 3 young sons also remained in the capital Bianzhou (汴州; today's Kaifeng, Henan), they were all slaughtered as well. Guo Wei asked Guo Rong to stay behind at the frontier as he led his main army southbound towards Bianzhou.

Career under Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou In a few months, Liu Chengyou was killed, Later Han was terminated, as Guo Wei founded the Later Zhou. Guo Rong became the military governor of Zhenning Command and went to Chanzhou (澶州; today's Qingfeng County, Henan). winning the support of the people. He also initiated projects to tear down dilapidated street walls and build new public office buildings and residential housings.

Emperor of Later Zhou Guo Rong (posthumously known as Shizong of Later Zhou) became emperor in 954 upon his adoptive father's death. Like his father, he was considered an able ruler. He continued reforms introduced by his father. More importantly, he began putting pressure on the Northern Han and even the Liao dynasty, though nothing substantial came of it. More success was met in the south as some minor successes were made against the Southern Tang and Later Shu, paving the way to eventual unification by the Song dynasty.

Campaign against Liu Chong One month after Chai Rong took the throne, Liu Chong, Emperor of Northern Han, colluded with Liao dynasty to launch an assault on Later Zhou. Against the advice of Minister Feng Dao, Chai Rong decided to lead the army to fight against the incursion. When Chai Rong engaged Liu Chong at Gao Ping (in modern Jincheng, Shanxi), two of Chai's general Fan Aineng, He Hui fled from battlefield along with their troops. At this critical moment, Chai Rong risked his life to break through the defense and crushed Liu's forces. After this campaign, Chai Rong consolidated his power.

He suffered an early death at the age of 38 when he died from illness while out on the field in 959. He left behind him a six-year-old heir to succeed him. This led to the fall of the dynasty and the rise of the Song dynasty, which eventually succeeded in reunifying most of China proper.

Family Parents Father: Chai Shouli (柴守禮) (biological)

Paternal relatives Aunt: Empress Shengmu, of the Chai clan (聖穆皇后 柴氏)

Consorts and issue Empress Zhen, of the Liu clan (貞惠皇后 劉氏; d. 951) Empreas Xuanyi, of the Fu clan (宣懿符皇后; 931 – 29 August 956), daughter of Fu Yanqing (符彥卿) Empress Xiaofu, of the Fu clan (小符皇后; 933－993), daughter of Fu Yanqing (符彥卿) Unknown: Chai Zongyi (柴宗誼; d. 24 December 950), 1st son Chai Cheng (柴誠; d.24 December 950), 2nd son Chai Xian, Prince of Han (韓王 柴諴; d. 24 December 950), 3rd son Chai Zongxun, Prince of Liang (梁王 柴宗訓; 14 September 953 - 6 April 1973), 4th son Chai Xirang (柴熙讓), 5th son Chai Xijing (柴熙謹), 6th son Chai Xihui (柴熙誨), 7th son

Veneration as Wealth God In some traditions of Chinese folk religion, Chai Rong is venerated as a Wealth God in the "Big Five Roads" (; dà wǔ lù cáishén) grouping, in which he is identified as the Southern Road Wealth God (; nánlù cáishén). The grouping pairs Chai Rong (south) with Bi Gan (east), Guan Yu (west), Wang Hai (centre), and Zhao Gongming (north). The folk-religion identification appears in popular sources rather than in classical Taoist liturgy, and is one of several regional wealth-god groupings.