Christine Philliou

Christine M. Philliou is a Greek American historian of the Ottoman Empire and the post-Ottoman Balkans and Middle East. She is a professor of history and Director of the Center for Middle East Studies at the Berkeley University of California, where she has also served as chair of the Department of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures, and also as director of the university's programs in Modern Greek and Hellenic Studies, and Turkish, Ottoman and Post-Ottoman Studies.

Philliou studies the connected histories of the Balkans and Middle East from the 17th century onwards, particularly the forms of political authority, mediation and dissent that accompanied the transformation of the Ottoman Empire and the formation of the Greek and Turkish nation states. Her work also addresses comparative imperial history, Orthodox Christian communities under Ottoman rule, and the cultural and political relationships connecting Europe and the Middle East.

She earned an MA in Near Eastern Studies from Princeton University in 1998, followed by another MA in History, and finally a PhD in 2004. Her graduate work combined history and Near Eastern studies, with an emphasis on the Ottoman Empire and its Greek-speaking and Turkish-speaking populations, on the significance of the Greek Revolution and the emergence of Greek nationalism on Ottoman state and society. Scholarship Ottoman governance and the Phanariots Philliou's first monograph, Biography of an Empire: Governing Ottomans in an Age of Revolution, examines Ottoman governance from the late 18th to the middle of the 19th century through the career of Stephanos Vogorides, also known as Stefanaki Bey. Vogorides belonged to the Phanariots, a group of Orthodox Christian families who occupied influential diplomatic and administrative positions within the Ottoman political order on the eve of the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821. She traces the crisis and transformation in Ottoman governance brought on by the Greek Revolution, and the ways that those Phanariots who remained loyal to the sultan adapted to the new realities.

Rather than treating the Ottoman state and its Christian subjects as separate or uniformly antagonistic entities, Philliou reconstructs the personal, familial and institutional networks through which governance operated. Her account situates the Phanariots within Ottoman–Russian rivalry, provincial administration, diplomacy, the Greek War of Independence, and the political reorganization preceding the Tanzimat. It is the first and so far only book to center Phanariots and their role in Ottoman governance.

Philliou developed related arguments in “Communities on the Verge,” which examines the Phanariot ascent in Ottoman governance between the 17th century and the Greek Revolution. The article argues that their political position emerged from an unstable conjunction of imperial military crises, foreign relations, religious difference and the practical demands of government. Empire and post-Ottoman history Philliou has approached Greece, Turkey, the Balkans and the Middle East as interconnected components of a post-Ottoman historical field. This approach questions national historiographies that separate the Greek, Turkish, Balkan and Middle Eastern experiences into discrete narratives. Her work instead examines the administrative practices, political concepts, elite networks and contested memories that persisted across the transition from empire to nation states.

Her work on the memory of empire has also examined the production of an Ottoman past in the early Turkish Republic. Rather than understanding 1923 as an absolute historical rupture, she analyzes how Ottoman experience continued to shape republican political language, intellectual life and historical consciousness despite the assertion of a total break between the Ottoman and republican Turkish state formations in the official History of Kemalist Turkey. Political opposition and modern Turkey Philliou's second monograph, Turkey: A Past Against History, presents a history of political opposition and dissent from the late Ottoman period through the early decades of the Turkish Republic. The study is organized around the life and writings of Refik Halit Karay, an Ottoman and Turkish journalist, satirist and novelist who experienced several regimes and two periods of exile.

The book uses the Turkish concept of muhalefet, encompassing both political opposition and dissent, to trace political and cultural continuities across the formal end of the Ottoman Empire and into the Republic of Turkey. Philliou argues that, in the absence of a continuously functioning opposition party between 1908 and 1950, opposition also existed as an intellectual, literary and partly imagined political space – the word “muhalefet” in some ways acted as a surrogate for an institutionalized, partisan opposition in these years. Karay's writings provide a means of examining this space under the Second Constitutional Era, the Committee of Union and Progress, the Turkish independence movement, the single-party republic and the multiparty system that began after the Second World War. Reviewers have characterized the book as an intellectual and political biography that uses Karay's career to examine continuity, rupture and the politics of memory between empire and republic. Both monographs have appeared in Greek and Turkish translations.

In 2023, the project received a three-year, $249,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. The grant supported the creation of a public-facing digital resource concerning Istanbul and its Orthodox Christian communities during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Emerging out of the İstanΠόλις have been two more recent books: Naming Non-Muslims: A Guide to Reading Greek, Armenian and Jewish Male Names in Ottoman Sources (Asini Publications, 2026); and An Ottoman Pompeii: The Greek Revolution and the Limits of Conviviality in 1821 Istanbul (Koç University Press, 2026). The former is a reference work aimed at facilitating the accurate identification of non-Muslims, and thus their humanization as distinct individuals with historical experiences, occupations and social and kin networks rather than nameless (or inaccurately named) non-Muslims. The latter takes an extraordinary population register, compiled in Istanbul at the very moment that the revolts leading the Greek Revolution broke out in March 1821, recording the names and locations of thousands of non-Muslims, and demonstrates through the data provided therein the social reality of Istanbul on the eve of national rebellion and imperial retaliation. Selected works Books

Articles and chapters