Carlo Bergonzi

Carlo Bergonzi (13 July 1924 – 25 July 2014) was an Italian operatic tenor. Although he performed and recorded some bel canto and verismo roles, he was above all associated with the operas of Giuseppe Verdi, including many of the composer's lesser known works he helped revive. He sang more than forty other roles throughout his career. He later claimed he saw his first opera, Verdi's Il trovatore, when he was six years old. He sang in church, and soon he began to appear in children's opera roles in Busseto, a nearby town. After he left school at age 11 he began working in a parmesan cheese factory. His father worked there too, and Carlo often got into trouble for singing.

At the age of 16, he began his vocal studies as a baritone at Arrigo Boito Conservatory in Parma with Ettore Campogalliani and Edmondo Grandini.

During World War II, Bergonzi became involved in anti-Nazi activities and was interned in a German prisoner-of-war camp in 1943. Two years later, he was freed by the Russians and walked 106 km in order to reach an American camp. However, while on his way, he drank unboiled water and contracted typhoid fever, from which he recovered within a year. He sang the role of Figaro in Rossini's The Barber of Seville, which he performed with a former prisoners' association which he joined after the war. It has been noted that the fee of 2,000 lire paid for his professional debut was insufficient to cover his meals and travel. That same year, Bergonzi sang at the Colosseum in Rome in a 50th anniversary concert of Verdi's death and the Italian state radio network RAI engaged Bergonzi for a series of broadcasts of the lesser-known Verdi operas for the same purpose. These included I due Foscari as well as Giovanna d'Arco and Simon Boccanegra.

In 1953, Bergonzi made his La Scala debut, creating the title role in Jacopo Napoli's opera Mas' Aniello which was based on the life of Tommaso Aniello, the 17th-century Italian fisherman-turned-revolutionary. Bergonzi continued to sing at the Met for 32 years, his last performance there occurring on 12 November 1988 in the role of Edgardo in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

He sang the role of Radames again for his debut with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company in 1961 and in 1962 he reprised the role of Alvaro for his debut with the Royal Opera, Covent Garden. He made his debut with the San Francisco Opera in 1969 as Don Alvaro in La forza del destino.

Bergonzi pursued a busy international career in the opera house and recording studio during the 1960s. His chief Italian tenor rivals in this period were Franco Corelli and Mario Del Monaco. Bergonzi outlasted both, continuing to sing through the 1970s at major opera houses. But in the 1980s, as his own vocal quality deteriorated inevitably with age, he concentrated on recital work. In 1996, Bergonzi participated in conductor James Levine's 25th anniversary gala at the Metropolitan Opera. He gave his American farewell concert at Carnegie Hall on 17 April that same year.

However, an announcement that on 3 May 2000, he was to sing the title role in a concert performance of Verdi's Otello, conducted by Eve Queler and the Opera Orchestra of New York, attracted intense interest, particularly because he had never performed the demanding role on stage. Amongst others, the audience included Anna Moffo, Licia Albanese, Sherrill Milnes, José Carreras, Plácido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti.

After retiring, Bergonzi is credited with mentoring tenors Roberto Aronica, Giuliano Ciannella, Berle Sanford Rosenberg, Vincenzo La Scola, Filippo Lo Giudice, Philip Webb, Giorgio Casciari, Paul Caragiulo, Lance Clinker, Fernando del Valle, Salvatore Licitra and Emmanuel Lawler. Soprano Frances Ginsberg was also one of his pupils.

Bergonzi left a legacy of many recordings of individual arias and complete operas, including works by Verdi, Puccini, Mascagni and Leoncavallo. However, of his early baritone roles, few of his audio recordings still exist.

Personal life In 1950 Bergonzi married Adele Aimi, with whom he had two sons, Maurizio and Marco; the former was born on the day Bergonzi made his tenor debut. Bergonzi owned homes in both Milan and Busseto, in addition to a restaurant and hotel in the latter, the "I Due Foscari", named after the Verdi opera about Venetian court intrigue.

Repertoire as tenor Andrea Chénier. Bari, Teatro Petruzzelli, 18 January 1951 Giovanna d'Arco. Milan, RAI, 26 May 1951 Pagliacci. Milan, RAI, 10 June 1951 La forza del destino. Milan, RAI, 16 July 1951 Un ballo in maschera. Milan, Teatro Nuovo, 15 August 1951 Simon Boccanegra. Rome, RAI, 21 November 1951 I due Foscari. Milan, RAI, 5 December 1951 Adriana Lecouvreur. Prato, Teatro Metastasio, 31 December 1951 Faust. Bari, Teatro Petruzzelli, 8 January 1952 Jenůfa (Steva). Rome, Teatro dell'Opera, 17 April 1952 Ifigenia (by Pizzetti). Naples, San Carlo, 1 June 1952 Mefistofele. Rome, Baths of Caracalla, 1 July 1952 Madama Butterfly. Cagliari, August 1952 Mas' Aniello. Milan, La Scala, 25 March 1953 Rigoletto. Livorno, Teatro Goldoni, 20 May 1953 Aida. Buenos Aires, Colón, 24 July 1953 Tosca. Buenos Aires, Colón, 7 August 1953 Manon Lescaut. Rovigo, Teatro Sociale, 24 October 1953 Turandot. Catania, Massimo Teatro Bellini, 19 November 1953 Loreley. Reggio Emilia, Teatro Municipale, 2 February 1954 L'incoronazione di Poppea. Milan, RAI, 7 March 1954 Carmen. Monte Carlo, Salle Garnier, 30 January 1955 Lucia di Lammermoor. Brescia, Teatro Grande, 3 February 1955 Don Carlos. Buenos Aires, Teatro Colón, August 1955 La traviata. Salsomaggiore, Teatro Nuovo, 10 September 1955 Il tabarro. Chicago, Lyric, 16 November 1955 Cavalleria rusticana. Chicago, Lyric, 26 November 1955 L'amore dei tre re. Chicago, Lyric, 28 November 1955 La Gioconda. Trieste, Castello di San Giusto, 16 July 1956 Il trovatore. New York, MET, 13 November 1956 Fior di Maria. Milan, RAI, 30 January 1957 La bohème. Caracas, Teatro Municipal, October 1957 Macbeth. New York, MET, 5 February 1959 L'elisir d'amore. San Sebastian, Victoria Eugenia, 26 August 1959 Ernani. New York, MET, 26 November 1962 La Wally. New York, Carnegie Hall, 13 March 1968 Werther. Naples, Teatro San Carlo, 11 February 1969 Aida. Parma, Teatro Regio, date unk. La forza del destino. Parma, Teatro Regio, date unk. Norma. New York, MET, 3 March 1970 Luisa Miller. Genoa, Teatro Margherita, 20 September 1972 Edgar. New York, Carnegie Hall, 13 April 1977 I Lombardi alla prima crociata. San Diego, Russ Auditorium, 22 June 1979 Il corsaro. New York, Town Hall, 16 December 1981 Attila. Tulsa, Chapman Music Hall, 6 March 1982 Oberto. Munich, Bavarian Radio Recording Studio, 4–12 March 1983 Otello - acts 1 and 2. New York, Carnegie Hall, 3 May 2000

Videography James Levine's 25th Anniversary Metropolitan Opera Gala (1996), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, B0004602-09

Honour Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (11 January 2011)