Binnya Dhammaraza

Binnya Dhammaraza (, , ; also spelled Banya Dhamma Yaza; 1393–1424) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1421 to 1424. His short reign was marked by rebellions by his half-brothers Binnya Ran and Binnya Kyan; renewed invasions by the Ava Kingdom; and various court intrigues. He never had any real control beyond the capital Pegu (Bago), and was poisoned by one of his queens in 1424. He was succeeded by Binnya Ran.

Early life Born early 1393, Binnya Dhammaraza was a son of King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy (r. 1384–1421). His mother's name is lost to history although she may have been one of the principal queens since her son became the heir-presumptive. According to the Pak Lat Chronicles, his childhood princely title was Binnya Kyan (, , ). He had at least three younger (half-) brothers, and at least three (half-) sisters.

As the eldest living son of Razadarit, the prince grew up as the heir-presumptive at the royal palace in Pegu (Bago). His childhood coincided with the emergence of his father's kingdom as a major power in the region in the 1390s. He and his brother princes saw no war in their formative years. Even when Razadarit twice renewed the war against the northern Ava Kingdom in 1401 and in 1408, the princes did not part in the war until the 1412–1413 dry season. The king famously motivated his sons that while King Minkhaung of Ava had a brilliant son in Minye Kyawswa, his own sons were completely useless.

Ava war Prompted by Razadarit's tirade, Dhammaraza and his brother princes went to war. To be sure, the Pegu high command initially was not sure about Dhammaraza's abilities. Despite being the eldest, Dhammaraza was not the first son to go to the front. It was Dhammaraza's younger half-brother and rival Prince Binnya Bassein (future King Binnya Ran I) that went to the Prome front in November 1412. When Dhammaraza went to the front for the first time in May 1413, he was already 20 years old, an old age for princes of the era to take the field for the first time, and he did not command the main army. He and Binnya Bassein commanded smaller armies at the flanks while Prince Binnya Dala (future Viceroy Binnya Kyan of Martaban), the youngest of the three, commanded the main army.

Dhammaraza proved capable. In his first battle, outside Dala (modern Twante), he and Binnya Bassein drove back Minye Kyawswa after Binnya Dala's main army had been defeated. The performance won him the honor of defending the capital Pegu in 1414–1415 when Razadarit decided to retreat to Martaban. Binnya Bassein and Binnya Dala bore the brunt of Ava's attacks but it was Dhammaraza that led the counterattack. On 13 March 1415, in one of the most famous battles in Burmese military history, Dhammaraza's vanguard regiment took on Minye Kyawswa. Although he was driven back and other Hanthawaddy forces were nearly defeated, the crown prince of Ava was mortally wounded in the battle.

A larger assignment followed. In 1416, Razadarit appointed Dhammaraza to lead an invasion of Toungoo (Taungoo), Ava's southeastern territory. But the prince and his army (7 regiments, 7000 men, 500 horses, 30 elephants) were decisively defeated outside Toungoo by Prince Thihathu of Prome. The quick and severe defeat apparently dimmed Dhammaraza's star. When Ava invaded in 1417–1418, he was not involved in the frontline battles as were his younger brothers. He did not get a chance to redeem himself as the war entered a lull for the rest of Razadarit's reign—to 1421.

Rise to power The war did not produce a breakout performer among Razadarit's sons. Although Dhammaraza's record was less than stellar, Binnya Bassein (now known as Binnya Ran), and in Binnya Dala (now known as Binnya Kyan) too had uneven performances. The war, however, did eliminate a potential claimant when Ava forces captured another son of Razadarit, Prince Binnya Set of Dagon, and brought him back to Ava in 1418.

By primogeniture, Dhammaraza claimed the throne. But Ran and Kyan openly contested. Dhammaraza's chief rival was Ran, who was only a few months younger than him, and deemed the alternative by the court. Although Chief Minister Dein Mani-Yut did not take sides between Dhammaraza and Ran, the eldest prince apparently garnered enough support at the court to be crowned king at Pegu. His regnal title, according to Pak Lat, was Thudaw Dhamma Razadarit.

Reign Initial rebellions Upon Dhammaraza's accession at Pegu, Ran and Kyan immediately revolted out of fortified towns just within 120 km south of the capital. Ran held the key port of Syriam while Kyan seized Dagon (modern downtown Yangon) across the river from Syriam. But he took a tougher line against Kyan by sending an army to take Dala. The expedition was successful but it also cornered Kyan, who now sought help from King Thihathu of Ava. The king sent another army to Dala while Kyan treacherously engineered the murder of principal officers of the Ava army inside Dala. Only about half the Ava troops made it back to their base at Prome (Pyay). As soon as Kyan left for Martaban, Ran brazenly occupied Dala and Dagon, which belonged to the Pegu province. It was Ran's delta region that 14,000-strong Ava forces led by Gen. Thado and Prince Min Nyo invaded by land and river. Ran's forces were no match for more numerous Ava forces, which quickly seized the entire delta and Dala. At Ava, Thihathu accepted the offer, and sailed down the Irrawaddy with 7000 more troops. After the marriage between Thihathu and Shin Saw Pu at Dagon, Ava forces withdrew. The poisoning may have been "instigated, it is supposed, by Binnya Ran", who succeeded.

Family Not much is known about the king's immediate family. One of his consorts was Mi Ta-Lat, daughter Governor–General Smin Awa Naing. He and Ta-Lat had been married at least since 1415. He had a son, King Binnya Kyan (r. 1451–1453).

Historiography Most of the Burmese chronicles provide little information about the king's life. Only the Slapat Rajawan explicitly mentions his year of accession, age at accession, length of reign, and age at death altogether. Part of the information in the following table is derived from the available information in the chronicles about his half-siblings Queen Shin Saw Pu and King Binnya Ran I.

Source Birth–Death Age at accession Age at death Reign Length of reign Reference Razadarit Ayedawbon ( 1560s) by April 1393 – 1424/25 at least 28 at least 31 1421/22–1424/25 3 years Maha Yazawin (1724) by April 1395 – 1426/27 at least 28 at least 31 1423/24–1426/27 3 Slapat Rajawan (1766) 1393 28 (29th year) 31 (32nd year) 1421/22–1424/25 3 Yazawin Thit (1798) unmentioned unmentioned unmentioned 1421/22–? unmentioned Hmannan Yazawin (1832) by April 1393 – 1426/27 at least 30 at least 33 1423/24–1426/27 3 Pak Lat Chronicles (1912) ?–1423/24 ? ? 1420/21–1423/24 3