Ali Khamenei

Early life and education

Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamaneh was born on 19 April 1939 to Javad Khamenei, an alim and mujtahid born in Najaf, Iraq, Two of his brothers are also clerics; his younger brother, Hadi Khamenei, is a newspaper editor and cleric. His elder sister Fatemeh Hosseini Khamenei died in 2015, aged 89. His father was an ethnic Azerbaijani Turk from Khamaneh. His mother was an ethnic Persian from Yazd.

Ali Khamenei's ancestor was Sayyid Hossein Tafreshi, a descendant of the Aftasi Sayyids supposedly reaching to Sultan ul-Ulama Ahmad, known as Sultan Sayyid, a grandchild of the fourth Imam of Shia Islam, Ali al-Sajjad.

Khamenei's education began at the age of four, by learning the Quran at Maktab; In 1957, he went to Najaf, but soon returned to Mashhad due to his father's unwillingness to let him stay there. In 1958, he settled in Qom, where he attended the classes of Husayn Burujardi and Ruhollah Khomeini.

Khamenei would later describe his upbringing in autobiographical reflections as having been raised in a deeply religious household. He stated that his mother came from a clerical family, and that religious education shaped his childhood. He recalled excelling in his studies, reciting the Quran at school, and developing an early interest in hadith and prophetic narratives. He described family gatherings in which his mother recited Quranic verses, particularly those concerning the lives of the prophets. He emphasized his broad intellectual interests beyond religious scholarship, including mathematics, geography, and especially history.

As an adolescent, Khamenei read widely in literature, poetry, and novels, became familiar with major works of Persian poetry, and began composing poetry at a young age. He characterized himself as having a strong memory and an aptitude for literary criticism, stating that he could recall texts read in adolescence and that his critiques of poetry were often affirmed by poets and audiences. He recounted that during the Pahlavi era, he once jumped from a moving train to perform his prayers on time. He described his childhood as marked by poverty, noting that his family lived in a poor neighborhood of Mashhad, his mother made clothes from his father's old garments, and that they at times lacked sufficient food, relying on small amounts of raisins or milk purchased with minor sums provided by relatives.

Khamenei was a key figure in the Iranian Revolution and a close confidant of Ruhollah Khomeini. From the founding of the Islamic Republic, Khamenei held many government posts.

Muhammad Sahimi wrote that Khamenei's political career began after the 1979 Iranian Revolution; he also wrote that Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, later president of Iran, brought Khamenei into Khomeini's inner circle. Later on, Hassan Rouhani, then a member of Parliament, arranged for Khamenei to get his first major post in the provisional revolutionary government as deputy defense minister.

In 1980, after the resignation of Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Ayatollah Khomeini appointed Ali Khamenei to the position of Tehran's Friday Prayers Imam. Khamenei was briefly the Vice Minister of National Defence from late July to 6 November 1979 and as a supervisor of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards. He also served on the battlefield as a representative of the Iranian Parliament's Defense Commission. On 27 June 1981, while Khamenei had returned from the frontline, he went to the Aboozar Mosque according to his Saturday schedule. After the first prayer, he lectured to worshippers who had written their questions on paper. "A gift of Furqan Group to the Islamic Republic" was written on the inner wall of the tape recorder. Khamenei's treatment took several months and his arm, vocal cords and lungs were seriously injured. He was permanently injured, losing the use of his right arm.

Presidency (1981–1989) Khamenei shook hands with his left hand after an unsuccessful attempt on his life.

In 1981, after the assassination of Mohammad-Ali Rajai, Khamenei was elected President of Iran by a landslide vote (97%) in the October 1981 Iranian presidential election in which only four candidates were approved by the Council of Guardians. Khamenei became the first cleric to hold office. Ruhollah Khomeini had originally wanted to keep clerics out of the presidency, but later changed his views. In the 1985 Iranian presidential election, where only three candidates were approved by the Council of Guardians, Ali Khamenei was reelected as President of Iran, receiving 87% of the votes.

In his presidential inaugural address, Khamenei vowed to eliminate "deviation, liberalism, and American-influenced leftists". According to the Iran Chamber, vigorous opposition to the government, including nonviolent and violent protest, assassinations, guerrilla activity and insurrections, was answered by state repression and terror in the early 1980s, both before and during Khamenei's presidency. Thousands of rank-and-file members of insurgent groups were killed, often by revolutionary courts. By 1982, the government announced that the courts would be reined in, although various political groups continued to be repressed by the government in the first half of the 1980s.

During the Iran–Iraq war

Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s and developed close ties with the now-powerful Revolutionary Guards. The Revolutionary Guards have been deployed to suppress opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran. As president, he had a reputation for being deeply interested in the military, budget and administrative details.

Post-war In May 1989, Khamenei undertook a four-day visit to North Korea, becoming the highest-level Iranian leader to visit the country since the Iranian Revolution. He held several talks with North Korean leader Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang. According to Ruhollah Khomeini's son Ahmad, Khamenei was selected by his father as his successor on the basis of his visit to North Korea. thumb In its 10 April 1997 ruling regarding the Mykonos restaurant assassinations, the German court issued an international arrest warrant for Iranian intelligence minister Ali Fallahian, after declaring that the assassination had been ordered by him with knowledge of Khamenei and Rafsanjani. Iranian officials have categorically denied their involvement. The then-Iranian Parliament speaker Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri dismissed the ruling as political, untrue and unsubstantiated. The ruling led to a diplomatic crisis between the governments of Iran and several European countries, which lasted until November 1997. The accused assassins, Darabi and Rhayel, were released from prison on 10 December 2007 and deported back to their home countries.

Supreme Leadership (1989–2026)

Election as Supreme Leader

In 1989, Ayatollah Khomeini dismissed Ayatollah Montazeri as his political successor, giving the position to Khamenei instead. Because Khamenei was neither a marja' nor an ayatollah, the Assembly of Experts had to modify the constitution to award him the position of Iran's new supreme leader (a decision opposed by several grand ayatollahs). Khamenei officially succeeded Ruhollah Khomeini after Khomeini's death, being elected as Acting Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts on 4 June 1989.

Leadership Council proposal

Initially, some members of the Assembly of Experts proposed the idea of a leadership council. Various lists were proposed, and Khamenei was named in all of them. For instance, a council of three members, Ali Meshkini, Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardebili and Khamenei, was proposed to lead Iran. According to Rafsanjani, he and Khamenei were against the proposal, while Ayatollah and Ayatollah Ebrahim Amini were in favor of it. Supporters of the council proposal believed that having a council would produce a higher degree of unity in society and that more positive characteristics would be found in a council. In contrast, the opposers believed that an individual leader was more efficient according to past experiences in the case of the Judiciary Council. Although he eventually accepted the post, Khamenei made protestations of his unworthiness, saying "my nomination should make us all cry tears of blood", and debated with the mujtahids of the Assembly.

Marja' criteria Since Khamenei was not a marja'(a senior clerical authority in Twelver Shi'ism) at the time—which the Iranian constitution required—he was named as the temporary supreme leader. Later, the constitution was amended to remove that requirement, and the Assembly of Experts reconvened on 6 August 1989 to reconfirm Khamenei with 60 votes out of 64 present. On 29 April 1989, responding to the letter of Ayatollah Ali Meshkini, the head of committee responsible for revising the Constitution, asking Khomeini's viewpoint regarding the Marja' criteria, Khomeini said: "From the very beginning, I believed and insisted that there is no need for the requirements of marja'iyyat (authority in jurisprudence). A pious mujtahid (jurist-intellectual), who is approved by the esteemed Assembly of Experts (Majlis-i Khobregan), will suffice".

In a video that surfaced during the 2017–2018 Iranian protests, Khamenei was seen before the assembly saying he was not religiously qualified to be a supreme leader. Khamenei, who was ranked as a Hujjat al-Islam and not a marja' as required by the Iranian constitution, said he would only be a "ceremonial leader", and was reassured by Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani that the position would be "temporary" until a referendum, apparently planned for one year later. Following a constitutional referendum held on 28July 1989 which removed the marja' requirement, Khamenei was officially elected by the Assembly of Experts as the official permanent supreme leader on 6August.

On 29 August 2022, Kazem al-Haeri announced his resignation from the position of marja' due to old age and illness. This was described as the first time in history a marja' has ever resigned from his position. He called on his followers to follow Ali Khamenei, Supreme leader of Iran, as "the best person for the leadership of our people and removing the aggressors".

Political strategy and philosophy

Lacking Khomeini's charisma and clerical standing, he had developed personal networks, first inside the armed forces and then among the clerics, while administering the major bonyads and seminaries of Qom and Mashhad. Having been the supreme leader for three decades, Khamenei was able to place many loyalists throughout Iran's major institutions, "building a system that serves and protects him". described Khamenei's system as having creating a "parallel structure" for each of the country's institutions (army, intelligence agencies, etc.) to keep those institutions weak. Khamenei regularly met with the president, cabinet members, head and officials of the judiciary branch, parliamentarians, among others, and told them what to do. Khamenei also fired and reinstated presidential cabinet appointments. Khamenei met with foreign dignitaries, but he did not travel internationally; anyone wishing to see him had to travel to Iran. Apart from his time in Najaf as a student, Khamenei traveled to Libya during his time as president.

According to Karim Sadjadpour of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Khamenei had "resisted Rafsanjani's attempts to find a modus vivendi with the United States, Khatami's aspirations for a more democratic Islamic state, and Ahmadinejad's penchant for outright confrontation."

Privatisation of state-owned businesses In 2007, Khamenei called for privatising state-owned companies, including the telephone company, three banks and dozens of small oil and petrochemical enterprises. After a few months, at a televised meeting with then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his Cabinet ministers, important clerics, the leader of parliament and provincial governors, the heads of state broadcasting and the Iranian chamber of commerce, Khamenei ordered: "to pass some laws, sell off some businesses, and be quick about it". Khamenei warned that "those who are hostile to these policies are the ones who are going to lose their interests and influence".

Dispute regarding status as Grand Ayatollah

In 1994, after the death of Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Araki, the Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom declared Khamenei a new marja'. Several ayatollahs, however, declined to recognize him as such. Some of those dissident clerics included Mohammad Shirazi, Hossein-Ali Montazeri, Hassan Tabatabai-Qomi, and Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari. In 1997, for example, Montazeri "questioned the powers of the Leader" and was subsequently punished for his comments with the closure of his religious school, an attack on his office in Qom, and a period of house arrest. |Commander of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps |MG Mohammad Pakpour |13 June 2025 |Chief-of-Staff of Iranian Armed Forces |MG Abdolrahim Mousavi |13 June 2025 | |Head of Bonyad Mostazafan |Hossein Dehghan |29 October 2023 |5 years | |Chief of Police |BG Ahmad-Reza Radan |7 January 2023 |3 years | |Head of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting |Peyman Jebelli |29 September 2021 | |Chief Justice of Iran |Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i |1 July 2021 |5 years (2 terms) | |Head of Imam Khomeini Relief Committee |Morteza Bakhtiari |22 July 2019 | |Custodian of Astan Quds Razavi |Ahmad Marvi |30 March 2019 | |Head of Islamic Azad University's Board of Trustees |Ali Akbar Velayati |19 January 2017 |

Political power following reform era Khamenei developed a cult of personality, with supporters describing him as a "divine gift to mankind" and in which critics of him were persecuted. Iran's former Chief Justice Sadiq Larijani, a Khamenei appointee, would warn the president of Iran against voicing opposition to Khamenei.

According to Karim Sadjadpour of the American Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, several factors had strengthened Khamenei in recent years:

1) A vast network of commissars stationed in strategic posts throughout government bureaucracies, dedicated to enforcing his authority; 2) the weak, conservative-dominated parliament, headed by Khamenei loyalist Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (whose daughter is married to the Leader's son); 3) the rapidly rising political and economic influence of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, whose top leaders are directly appointed by Khamenei and have always been publicly obedient to him; 4) the political disengagement of Iran's young population ...; and 5) most significant[ly], the 2005 presidential election, which saw hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad trounce Khamenei's chief rival ... Hashemi Rafsanjani ...

Financial assets

Writing in The Daily Telegraph in 2013, Damien McElroy and Ahmad Vahdat observed: "The ayatollah likes to cultivate an image of austerity but receives major commissions from the Iranian oil and arms industries and there have been regular claims that he and his son have amassed a fortune running into billions of dollars." A six-month investigation by Reuters said that Khamenei controlled a "financial empire" worth approximately billion that the Iranian Parliament did not oversee, a figure much larger than the estimated wealth of the final Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. According to the Reuters investigation, Khamenei used the assets of a company called Headquarters for Executing the Order of the Imam or "Setad" in Farsi to increase his grip on power. According to The Daily Telegraph, money from Setad is used to fund Khamenei's Beit Rahbari compound, which employs over 500 stewards, as was reported in 2013.

Despite the negative accounts of Western sources, Iranian official authorities depict Setad as a vast charity foundation. In an October 2014 interview with Islamic Republic News Agency, Muhammad Mukhber, the head of Setad, stated that over 90% of profits from Setad business activities were spent on improving infrastructure in the poor regions of the country, creating jobs and improving the well-being of people in these regions reflecting the top concerns of Khamenei. He cited the construction of several hundred schools, mosques, and hussainiyas, as well as direct and indirect contributions to the formation of over 350,000jobs, expecting a total of 700,000 for the upcoming three years.

Mukhber also cited a sum total grant of 2.21trillion rials of Qard al-Hasan, interest-free loans, to 41,000families in poor regions of the country. He also revealed plans for a gradual sell-off of Setad's profitable businesses on the stock market, with the aim of transferring their ownership into the hands of the Iranian people. He also envisioned the construction and delivery of 17,000housing units to families in poor regions of Iran by 2018. A week later another anonymous letter was issued "calling Iran's leader a dictator and demanding his removal", this one by a group of Iranian clerics.

The letters were called a blow to Khamenei's "status as a neutral arbiter and Islamic figurehead" and even as being his "protégé". and after the 2009 election fully endorsed Ahmadinejad against protesters.

However, as early as January 2008 signs of disagreement between the two men developed over domestic policies, The disagreement was described as centered on Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, a top adviser and close confidant of Ahmadinejad. Mashaei was vice president of Iran until being ordered to resign from the cabinet by the supreme leader, and was also an opponent of "greater involvement of clerics in politics".

Ahmadinejad's actions led to angry public attacks by clerics, parliamentarians and military commanders, who accused him of ignoring orders from the supreme leader. and on 8 May he "apparently bowed" to the reinstatement, welcoming back Moslehi to a cabinet meeting. The events have been said to have "humiliated and weakened" Ahmadinejad. The president denied that there had been any rift between the two,

In 2012, Khamenei ordered a halt to a parliamentary inquiry into Ahmadinejad's mishandling of the Iranian economy. In 2016, Khamenei advised Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, his former ally with whom his relationship was strained after Ahmadinejad accused his son Mojtaba Khamenei of embezzling from the state treasury, to not run for president again.

Khamenei declined talks for referendums on the state's future, questioning people's judgment and causing public outrage. In 2024, he said that while speaking to his military he had been saying what words God put in his tongue.

Fatwas and messages

Fatwa against nuclear weapons

Khamenei reportedly issued a fatwa saying the production, stockpiling, and use of nuclear weapons was forbidden under Islam. The fatwa was cited in an official statement by the Iranian government at an August 2005 meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. It has been widely discussed by international officials and specifically recognized by the US administration.

The Iranian official website for information regarding its nuclear program has provided numerous instances of public statements by Khamenei wherein he voices his opposition to the pursuit and development of nuclear weapons in moral, religious and Islamic juridical terms. Khamenei's official website specifically cites a 2010 version

Doubts have been cast by experts on the existence of the fatwa as it can be changed or modified as and when deemed necessary, as well as doubts on its authenticity, its impact, and its apparently religious nature. Gareth Porter believes that the fatwa is "sincere" and Gholam-Hossein Elham commented that it will not change.

Fatwa on Islamic legal interpretation

In 2000, Khamenei sent a letter to the Iranian parliament forbidding the legislature from debating a revision of the Iranian press law to allow more press freedom. He wrote: "The present press law has prevented this big plague. The draft bill is not legitimate and in the interests of the system and the revolution". Many music schools were closed and public (but not private) music instruction to children under 16 was banned thereafter.

In 1999, Khamenei had issued a fatwa stating that it was permitted to use a third party (donor sperm, ova or surrogacy) in fertility treatments. This was different in "both style and substance" from the fatwa on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) by Gad El-Hak Ali Gad El-Hak of Egypt's Al-Azhar University in the late 1980s, which permitted ART (IVF and similar technologies) as long as there is no third-party donation (of sperm, eggs, embryos, or uteruses).

In 2002, Khamenei ruled that human stem cell research was permissible under Islam, with the condition that it be used to create only parts instead of a whole human. Also in 2002, after protests erupted in the capital, Khamenei intervened against the death sentence given to Hashem Aghajari for arguing that Muslims should re-interpret Islam rather than blindly follow leaders. Khamenei ordered a review of the sentence against Aghajari, which was later commuted to a prison sentence. He continually invited all Muslims to Tawhid, and expressed the significance of Hajj in spiritual and social life. He also asked Muslims to be aware of what he considered "the conspiracy of the enemies" by having a right comprehension and advised them to "not be deceived by them". He issued 32messages. A part of his 6August 2019 message was as follows:

Khamenei was one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy. As well as elaborating on the factors needed to create Islamic unity, he argued: "neither the Shia Muslims allied with the British MI6 are Shias, nor the Sunni mercenaries of the American CIA are Sunnis, as they are both anti-Islamic".

Other fatwas

In 2010, Khamenei issued a fatwa that banned any insult to the Companions of the Prophet. The fatwa was issued to reconcile legal, social, and political disagreements between Sunni and Shia. In 2017, he issued a fatwa stating that women should avoid riding bicycles in the presence of non-Mahram men, while indicating it may be permissible if modesty guidelines are observed, that it "not attract strangers."

Political positions

Domestic policy Khamenei at a public speech, 2018Within Iran, Khamenei was the most powerful political authority. He was the de facto head of state of Iran, the commander-in-chief of its armed forces, and could issue decrees and make the final decisions on the main policies of the government in economy, the environment, foreign policy, and national planning in Iran. As supreme leader, Khamenei had either direct or indirect control over the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, as well as the military and media.

Some regarded Khamenei as the figurehead of the country's conservative establishment.

In 2007, Khamenei requested that government officials speed up Iran's move towards economic privatisation. Its last move towards such a goal was in 2004, when Article44 of the constitution was overturned. Article44 had decreed that Iran's core infrastructure should remain state-run. Khamenei also suggested that ownership rights should be protected in courts set up by the Justice Ministry; the hope was that this new protection would give a measure of security to and encourage private investment.

On 30April 2008, Ali Khamenei backed President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's economic policy and said the West was struggling with more economic difficulties than Iran, with a "crisis" spreading from the United States to Europe, and inflation was a widespread problem. The Iranian leader said that the ongoing economic crisis, which has debilitated the world, has been unprecedented in the past 60 years. He said: "This crisis has forced the UN to declare state of emergency for food shortages around the globe but foreign radios have focused on Iran to imply that the current price hikes and inflation in the country are the of carelessness on the part of Iranian officials which of course is not true." Khamenei emphasized that no one has the right to blame the Iranian government for Iran's economic problems. He also advised people and the government to be content and avoid waste to solve economic problems. He added: "I advise you to keep in your mind that this great nation is never afraid of economic sanctions."

Foreign policy

Khamenei had "direct responsibility" for foreign policy, which "cannot be conducted without his direct involvement and approval". He had a foreign policy team independent of the president's, "which include two former foreign ministers", and he could "at any time of his choosing inject himself into the process and 'correct' a flawed policy or decision". His foreign policy was said to steer a course that avoids either confrontation or accommodation with the West. Khamenei also condemned the persecution of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and called Myanmar's de facto leader and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi a "brutal woman". He condemned the United Arab Emirates as "useless" on several occasions.

In 2015, Khamenei endorsed the Iran nuclear deal, which restricted Iran's nuclear activities in exchange for sanctions relief. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2018, and it effectively ended in 2025 after the reimposition of UN sanctions. After Khamenei's assassination, Russian president Vladimir Putin said "In our country, Ayatollah Khamenei will be remembered as an outstanding statesman who made a huge personal contribution to the development of friendly Russian-Iranian relations and brought them to the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership". Khamenei supported the Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war.

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Khamenei condemned the act and the attackers, and called for a condemnation of terrorist activities all over the world but warned strongly against a military intervention in Afghanistan. He was quoted as saying, "Mass killings of human beings are catastrophic acts which are condemned wherever they may happen and whoever the perpetrators and the victims may be". Zarif added: "I have spoken to the [Supreme] leader on this issue, he rejects and condemns the killing of innocent people. No, the Holocaust is not a myth."

On 21March 2014, Khamenei said that "the Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it's uncertain how it has happened". Because of the potential legal consequences in some countries, he commented: "No one in European countries dares to speak about [the] Holocaust." He also said that in the West, "speaking about [the] Holocaust and expressing doubts about it is considered to be a great sin."

Open letters Khamenei wrote several open letters. "To the Youth in Europe and North America" was written on 21January 2015. Khamenei wrote a second letter to the students enrolled at American universities on 30May 2024. While describing Israel's actions as "genocide and apartheid", Khamenei asked the students to continue their protests against what he called "brutal Zionist regime". In his letter, Khamenei expressed empathy and solidarity with the students protesting against Israel's attacks in Gaza. He referred to these students as a "branch of the Resistance Front" and predicted their victory with the "permission of God". Khamenei also ran a fund raising campaign for victims of conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon. Khamenei further wrote an open letter to American students in 2024, which garnered a harsh reaction from the United States. In the letter he described American students protesting against Israel as a new branch of the Axis of Resistance,

Human rights, protests, and Islamic law

During his life, Khamenei had stated that human rights were a fundamental principle of Islamic teachings and that this preceded the importance other countries' placed on human rights by centuries. He also separately stated that North American and European nations that criticized Iran on human rights were hypocritical.

Protests during leadership

There have been several major protests during Khamenei's reign, including the 1994 Qazvin Protests where according to Al-Arabiya around 40 people were killed and over 400 were injured, the 1999 Iranian student protests, the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests when some protesters chanted "death to the dictator" and ripped down pictures of Khamenei, There were several major protests during Khamenei leadership including the 1999 student protests the 2009 presidential election protests the 2011–2012 protests that followed the Green Movement and resulted in the house arrest of opposition leaders and the 2017–2018 protests described by Reuters as the boldest challenge to Iran's leadership since 2009.

Khamenei was also reportedly linked to the assassination of numerous exiled defectors worldwide, the repression of protesters, the killing of thousands of members of the M.E.K. (People's Mujahedin of Iran) that is recognized as a terrorist organization by Iran and Iraq, and the targeting of dissident writers and intellectuals in Iran, among other alleged human rights violations. During the Mahshahr massacre, protests expanded against "government corruption, failing institutions, lack of freedoms and the repressive rule of Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei".

During the 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Khamenei demanded punishment for those "who disrupt economic security". According to Reuters, the remarks were "clearly intended to send a message to Iranians who may plan more demonstrations".

During the 2019–2020 Iranian protests, Khamenei met with various officials and cabinet members. According to Reuters, "Khamenei said he would hold the assembled officials responsible for the consequences of the protests if they didn't immediately stop them ... [an] official ... added that Khamenei made clear the demonstrations required a forceful response ... [the official said] 'Our Imam ... said those rioters should be crushed'". Some sentences have included lashing and jail time; some have died in custody. During the Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests, thousands of protesters demanded Khamenei's resignation.

During the 2025–2026 protests, there were anti-state protests, with some chanting slogans against Khamenei and the governing bodies and circulating images of protesters burning his portraits on social media; an act considered a serious offense under Iranian law and described as an affront to the country's political and religious authority according to NDTV. During the demonstrations, which occurred amid a nationwide internet blackout, Iranian security forces carried out a mass killings of protesters. Estimates of the death toll as of January 2026 ranged from about 3,117 people according to Iranian government figures to more than 36,500 according to other reports.

On 17 January 2026, Khamenei publicly acknowledged that "several thousand" individuals had died amid recent nationwide protests. He attributed the violence and chaos to "external enemies", specifically the United States and Israel, accusing them of orchestrating the unrest and providing arms to demonstrators. Khemenei also accused the protestors of "including burning more than 250 mosque and medical facilities".

In response to the protests, Khamenei also acknowledged in public remarks that many protesters' economic grievances, such as inflation, the collapsing rial, and hardships faced by shopkeepers, were legitimate. At the same time, he drew a distinction between "protesters" and "rioters." Khamenei emphasised "We talk to protesters, the officials must talk to them," but stated that the "rioters must be put in their place", and he authorized or encouraged a hardline security response.

Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith is the largest religious minority in Iran, with around 300,000 members, is considered a cult by the Iranian government and has been persecuted. Khamenei approved new legislation against Baháʼís in Iran and lessened their influence abroad.

Interaction with the press

In 2000, he was listed by the Committee to Protect Journalists as "one of the top ten enemies of the press and freedom of expression", and was named to the Time 100 in 2007. Opposition journalists Ahmad Zeidabadi, Mohsen Sazegara, Mohammad Nourizad and Akbar Ganji were arrested and investigated for spreading critical articles containing unproven charges against Khamenei's policies as the leader and some organizations.

According to Iran's Press Law "spreading rumors and lies and distorts the words of others" is not allowed. According to the law, "spreading libel against officials, institutions, organizations and individuals in the country or insulting legal or real persons who are lawfully respected, even by means of pictures or caricatures" is not allowed. This was called a use of "extra-legislative power" by reformists and opposition groups, but Speaker of Parliament Mehdi Karroubi reminded deputies that "the constitution contained "elements of the absolute rule of the supreme clerical leader"."

Trials of people for insulting Khamenei

Several journalists, bloggers, and other individuals were put on trial in Iran for insulting the supreme leader, often in conjunction with blasphemy charges. In 1996, Abbas Maroufi was sentenced to 35 lashes and six months imprisonment for spreading lies and insulting Khamenei. Maroufi was also banned from working as a journalist and his literary monthly Gardoon was closed. Maroufi had compared Khamenei to former Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

In 2005, an Iranian was jailed for two years for insulting Khamenei and Imam Khomeini while being cleared of insulting Muhammad. In 2009, Iranian blogger Omid Reza Mir Sayafi, who was arrested for insulting Khamenei in an internet post, died while in custody in Evin Prison. In 2010, opposition activist Ahmad Gabel was sentenced to 20 months in jail for insulting Khamenei, as well as 3 additional years for possessing a satellite receiver, a 3-year exile and a fine. In 2014, eight men, including a Briton, were sentenced to 19 to 20 years for insulting Khamenei and other charges relating to Facebook comments.

Women's and LGBTQ rights

Khamenei, like his predecessor Khomeini, stated that women may participate in political, cultural, and social activities and promoted their involvement as intellectuals, scientists, activists, speakers, and contributors to public life.

Khamenei spoke out against denying women access to education, ethical development, personal choice in marriage, family bonds, or the opportunity to develop talents in fields such as science, politics, and social work calling it "oppression". He emphasized that women should be allowed to develop their abilities and awareness according to their capacities and circumstances.

In July 2007, Khamenei criticized Iranian women's rights activists and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). He said: "In our country... some activist women, and some men, have been trying to play with Islamic rules to match international conventions related to women. This is wrong." Khamenei made these comments two days after Iranian women's rights activist Delaram Ali was sentenced to 34months of jail and ten lashes by Iran's judiciary.

Khamenei believed in gender segregation. Khamenei also believed that gender equality was a Zionist plot with the purpose to "corrupt the role of women in society".

Khamenei advocated the Islamic practice of hijab, believing that hijab is aimed at honoring women. To the Western objections regarding compulsory hijab in Iran, he responded by pointing out the compulsory unveiling in certain Western countries and obstacles created for veiled Muslim women who want to enter universities. He further argued that women in the West have lost their honor by pointing out a perceived high rate of sexual violence in the West as well as the widespread exploitation of female sexual appeal for commercial purposes.

Khamenei believed homosexuality was a "moral deprivation" present in the West, but supported Khomeini's 1985 fatwa permitting sex reassignment surgery for gender dysphoria.

Personal life Khamenei was married to Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh, with whom he had six children; four sons (Mostafa, Mojtaba, Masoud, and Meysam) and two daughters (Boshra and Hoda). One of his sons, Mojtaba, married a daughter of Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel. His eldest son, Mostafa, is married to a daughter of Azizollah Khoshvaght. Another son, Masoud, is married to the daughter of Mohsen Kharazi. One of his daughters, Boshra, married a son of Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani, while his other daughter, Hoda, was married to a son of Mohammad-Bagher Bagheri Kani. He had three brothers, including Mohammad Khamenei and Hadi Khamenei. One of his four sisters, Badri Khamenei, wife of dissident Ali Tehrani, fled into exile in the 1980s.

As Supreme Leader, Khamenei moved to a house in Central Tehran on Palestine Street. A compound that grew around it now contains around fifty buildings. Around 500 people are employed at this "Beit Rahbari compound" according to The Telegraph, and "many recruited from the military and security services".

Health Khamenei's health was repeatedly the subject of speculation. In January 2007, rumors spread of his illness or death after he had not been seen in public for some weeks and had not appeared as he traditionally did at celebrations for Eid al-Adha. Khamenei issued a statement declaring that "enemies of the Islamic system fabricated various rumors about death and health to demoralize the Iranian nation", but according to the author Hooman Majd, he appeared to be "visibly weak" in photos released with the statement.

In September 2014, he underwent prostate surgery, which state media described as a routine medical procedure. According to a report by Le Figaro, Western intelligence sources claimed in 2015 that Khamenei had prostate cancer with two years left to live. In September 2022, it was reported that Khamenei underwent surgery for a bowel obstruction and temporarily canceled several scheduled meetings.

Lifestyle Khamenei prays with a turbah in 2017. Doing salah this way is specific to Shia Islam.

According to Mehdi Khalaji, an Iran expert at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Khamenei had a decent life "without it being luxurious". Robert Tait of The Daily Telegraph commented that Khamenei was "renowned for a spartan lifestyle". Dexter Filkins described Khamenei as presenting himself "as an ascetic, dressing and eating simply". Khamenei, often seen as stern, enjoyed poetry, gardening, and once smoked a pipe – unusual for a cleric. Despite his absolute power, he led a modest life, rarely leaving Iran, and was pictured happily tending his garden with a simple plastic watering can.

Literature and art Khamenei developed a reputation as an avant-garde cleric, reflecting interests and personal habits that diverged from conventional expectations within the religious establishment. In addition to his appreciation for music and modern Persian poetry, he was noted for driving a Volkswagen and smoking a pipe, details that were sometimes cited as indicative of a comparatively unconventional lifestyle. According to accounts from relatives, he maintained a sustained interest in arts and culture throughout his life. He read Iranian and foreign novels as well as historical works, and watched international films. His intellectual engagement was described by some observers as contributing to a reputation for being cultured and well-read, including among certain political opponents.

In 1988, while serving as President of Iran, Khamenei delivered a speech titled The Splendor of the Persian Language and the Need to Protect It. In this address, he described language as a fundamental and defining element of cultural identity across nations and characterized Persian as "the language of true revolutionary Islam". He also drew a comparison between Persian and Arabic, arguing for the expressive richness of Persian and questioning the extent to which the poetry of Hafez, the 14th-century poet, could be adequately translated into Arabic. In Mashhad, he used to participate in literary associations along with known poets and used to critique poems;

Khamenei stated that "poetry must be the vanguard of the caravan of the [Islamic] revolution... hrough the arts and literature, the revolution can be exported more easily and honestly." It has been suggested (by Dexter Filkins) that this may have explained his interest in banning books, prohibiting newspapers and imprisoning artists. He praised the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksey N. Tolstoy, Honoré de Balzac, and Michel Zévaco. He said that Victor Hugo's Les Misérables is "the best novel that has been written in history". He explained:

Khamenei suggested reading The Grapes of Wrath to "an audience of writers and artists" and Uncle Tom's Cabin to the high-level state managers as he thought it shed light on the history of the United States:

Isn't this the government that massacred the original native inhabitants of the land of America? That wiped out the American Indians?... Today, one of the most tragic works of art is Uncle Tom's Cabin... This book still lives after almost 200 years. He translated several books into Persian from Arabic, including the works of the Egyptian political theorist Sayyid Qutb.

In late 1996, following a fatwa by Khamenei stating that music education corrupts the minds of young children and is against Islam, many music schools were closed and music instruction to children under the age of 16 was banned by public establishments (although private instruction continued).

Assassination

On 28 February 2026, a series of large-scale US and Israeli missile strikes were carried out against targets in Iran, inaugurating the 2026 Iran war. Khamenei was killed in an attack by the Israeli Air Force on his compound. Later that day, Reuters published a report of an unnamed Israeli official who claimed Khamenei's body had been found, and that he had died. Iranian state TV on 1 March 2026 confirmed Khamenei's death at around 5:00 am Iran Standard Time. Khamenei was reported to have been assassinated while in his office.

The Israeli Air Force used 50 aircraft and more than 100 munitions in a synchronized attack to target Khamenei's bunker, known as Habib Ebrahimi, constructed by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps starting in 2009 as deep as below ground, with a network of access and escape tunnels connecting to points across central Tehran. The site was targeted based on intelligence about the site and Khamenei's presence there gathered by intelligence units 8200 and 9900 of the Israel Defense Forces.

His state funeral commenced on 3 July 2026, after delays caused by the war with the US and Israel. His body was transported throughout Iran and Iraq, before his burial at the Imam Reza shrine in his hometown of Mashhad. Millions attended his funeral.

Works

The published works of Ali Khamenei include authored monographs, translations, and a large number of compiled volumes of speeches, messages, and lectures issued by institutions affiliated with his office. A major institutional corpus is published by the Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Ayatollah Khamenei, through Islamic Revolution Publications, and distributed in digital form by the Computer Research Center of Islamic Sciences (Noorsoft). According to a Noorsoft product entry for the compilation Hadith-e Velayat (A Collection of the Statements and Messages of the Supreme Leader), this series alone comprises 121 book titles in 208 volumes, covering materials from 1979 to 2020. Some of his works include: Four Main Books of Rijal (translation by Sayyid Hussein Alamdar, available online) Iqbal – Manifestation of the Islamic Spirit, Two Contemporary Muslim Views Iqbal, the Poet-Philosopher of Islamic Resurgence is one of the "Two Contemporary Muslim Views", the other one is Ali Shariati's. Replies to Inquiries about the Practical Laws of Islam (PDF version) Lessons from the Nahjul-Balaghah Human Rights in Islam The Charter of Freedom Essence of Tawhid: Denial of Servitude but to God

Translations from Arabic:

Sayyid Qutb's Future in the Realm of Islam

Collections:

A 250 Years Old Person Palestine See also

Abdallah Mazandarani Fazlullah Nouri Hibatullah Akhundzada Islamic Government'' (book by Khomeini) Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi Mirza Husayn Tehrani Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai Motto of years in Islamic Republic of Iran Muhammad Kazim Khurasani Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani