Zhou Chu

Zhou Chu (; 236? – 12 February 297 ), courtesy name Ziyin , was a Western Jin-era Chinese general. He was the son of Zhou Fang, a famous Eastern Wu general. He had a reputation for uprightness and integrity and is the protagonist of a famous Chinese legend, Zhou Chu Chu San Hai (周處除三害) or "Zhou Chu Eradicates the Three Scourges", in which he sought out to kill a tiger and dragon that terrorized his hometown. He participated in the campaign against Qi Wannian's Rebellion when he was forced by his superiors to fight the 70,000-strong enemy head-on with 5,000 soldiers and no supply. Zhou Chu died in a valiant last stand and was posthumously honoured by the Western and Eastern Jin courts.

Zhou Chu is depicted in the woodcut print Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.

Eradicating the Three Scourges

A folk story about Zhou Chu appeared in the 430 book A New Account of the Tales of the World and proved to be very popular. The story claims that Zhou Chu was such a cruel and violent ruffian in his younger days that he was called one of the "Three Scourges" by the villagers in his native (present-day city of Yixing, Jiangsu), along with a tiger and a dragon.

Prompted by a villager, Zhou Chu took on the challenge to seek out and kill the tiger and the scaly dragon that lived in a stream (the jiao).Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The jiao . See Mather tr. and Chinese text.

Death Zhou Chu became Palace Aide to the Censor-in-Chief and had no fear in indicting and exposing the wrongdoings of other ministers. He thus offended many, including Sima Rong (司馬肜), son of Sima Yi and an uncle of Sima Yan, founder of Western Jin. In 296, during the reign of Sima Zhong (Sima Yan's son and successor), when Sima Rong was named the Grand General of the Western expedition to quell Qi Wannian's rebellion, Zhou Chu was named the vanguard general. His fellow general Sun Xiu warned him and suggested him to bid his aging mother a final farewell. Zhou Chu replied, "One cannot fulfill both filial piety and loyalty at the same time. Since I have already chosen to serve my country... I will die for it."

Zhou Chu was ordered to take 5,000 soldiers to attack the 70,000-strong enemy. After the attacks began, Sima Rong also ordered his supply to be cut off completely. Zhou's troops ran out of arrows and the generals assigned to reinforce him did not help. When asked to flee, Zhou Chu replied, "I am a minister of a nation. Isn't it proper to die for one's country?" He fought to his death.

After his death, Zhou Chu was posthumously appointed as General Who Pacifies the West. He had four sons, Zhou Jing (周靖), Zhou Qi, Zhou Zha and Zhou Shuo (周碩). Zhou Qi became a famous general south of the Yangzi during the fall of Western Jin, thrusting their clan into prominence. Following Emperor Yuan of Jin's ascension, Zhou Chu was given the posthumous name of "Xiao" (孝). Today, his tomb and a shrine dedicated to him can be found in Yixing, Jiangsu.

Explanatory notes