William Sandys Elrington

Major William Sandys Elrington (1780–1860) was a British military officer, veteran of the Peninsula War, and colonial settler of New South Wales, Australia. He is associated with the locality of Farringdon and the village of Majors Creek, both near Braidwood.

Family background, early life and military career Elrington was born in Devon. He was the eighth child of Captain Thomas Elrington (1722—1809), at the time of Elrington's birth commander of a company of the Corps of Invalids at the Royal Citadel at Plymouth, and his wife Rebecca (1742—1823) née Goodall.

Elrington came from a long line of soldiers, and was descended—at least, so he believed—from William the Conqueror.

New South Wales

Migration Elrington left Plymouth, in November 1826, and arrived in Sydney aboard Elizabeth, in April 1827, with his second son, Richard, and a much older woman, Mary Smith, who acted as their housekeeper. Early settlers would remember Elrington as a tall, red-headed, blue-eyed man, of soldierly bearing, carrying a scar on his forehead from being slashed with a sabre.

Mount Elrington and other landholdings After settler colonisation, the area now known as Farringdon lay within the Nineteen Counties that were open to settlement. Elrington took up his land grant of 2560 acres there, which became known as 'Mount Elrington', in 1827. His new estate lay, in the upper part of the valley of the Shoalhaven River, on a left-bank tributary now known as Mount Creek. Jinero, or Jineroo. It lay on the traditional lands of the Walbanga people, a group of the Yuin, from whom it was taken by the land grant. In its early years, Mount Elrington was the location of an annual distribution of government blankets to the surviving Aboriginal people.

Mount Elrington was one of the earliest colonial settlements, in the area south of what would later, in 1839, become the town of Braidwood, Although at the time the land was remote, it was arable and well-watered.

In 1829, William Tarlington (1804—1893), with three Aboriginal guides, starting at Braidwood, followed the rivers into the Bega Valley, where he found good land and later settled as a squatter at Cobargo. Like other Braidwood landholders, Elrington took up two blocks there, as a squatter, in the early 1830s, but he did not settle there.

Unlike a number of other landholders in the Braidwood district, Elrington does not appear to have been a supporter or financial backer of The Wool Road, to Jervis Bay. In fact, around the same time, in 1842, he seems to have been involved in raising subscription funding for a rival private road, from Bellalaba to the port of Broulee. Such a road would have connected Mount Elrington to a seaport on the coast. The road was have followed part of a cart route blazed by Charles Nicholson, from Broulee to the Monaro, in 1841.

By August 1844, then 64 years old and seeking to retire, Elrington was trying to sell his land. By then, his landholding consisted of three large pieces of land; 'Mount Elrington' (2560 acres), 'Smithleagh' (1865 acres, on two titles of 1220 and 645 acres, its northern boundary adjoining Mount Elrington, and its eastern boundary being the Shoalhaven River) and 'Stork' (2560 acres, four miles east of 'Smithleagh'. and the oddly-named 'Stork' refers to the heraldic animal on the Elrington family coat of arms. There were also a large number of horses, sheep and cattle, some grazing on other land, as far away as the Monaro. It appears that Elrington's land came with some pre-emptive rights, to adjoining government land, and that the total landholding was around 9300 acres. Although he may have used land around what is now Majors Creek for grazing, he seems not to have had title over that area.

His home at Mount Elrington was described as, "a substantial ten-roomed verandah dwelling, with stone store, and kitchen, a garden of six acres, well stocked with the choicest fruit trees, and vegetables, stables, cart sheds, sheep shed, forge, men's huts, saw pits, &c." and, slightly later, Captain Duncan Mackellar, as the local Police Magistrates. All were local land-owners, using assigned convict labour. In 1838, he would be joined, by a newly-appointed magistrate for the Braidwood district, another ex-military man and landowner, Lieutenant Colonel John Mackenzie of Nerriga. Mercifully, each magistrate was prohibited from trying their own assigned convicts, and for more serious offences were required to adjudicate in pairs.

When the liberal-minded Richard Bourke replaced Ralph Darling as Governor in late 1831, he was horrified at the severity and arbitrary application of punishments being given to convicts. In August 1832, he had passed the Offenders Punishment and Summary Jurisdiction Act, which for the first time both codified and limited the penalties that could be imposed on convicts. There was resistance from existing magistrates, but the reforms were implemented, and improved, if only relatively, the treatment of convicts.

As might be expected from a martinet like Elrington, he was an advocate of summary punishment and greater powers for single magistrates. Hearings were held at his home at Mount Elrington,

Local lore has it that two gum trees, on the Shoalhaven River near Mount Elrington, which were cut down in the 1920s, had been used as makeshift gallows, and hangings were carried out there. The constable, Patrick Brady, and another constable, George Nutter—as an accomplice—were found guilty of rape and sentenced to death, but then the judge ruled that 'in consequence of inquiries he had made respecting the character of the female, their punishment would be commuted'. Despite her personal courage in reporting the offence and later giving evidence, it did not end well for Martha; her reputation had been besmirched publicly by the judge, and, reportedly, she was later the 'kept mistress' of one of the jurors at Brady's trial. By 1845, she was drinking heavily and apparently living as a prostitute. Even at the time, these appalling outcomes were seen as consequences of Elrington's harsh sentencing of Martha, for running away from her employer, who she said had ill used her, and remaining at large for just two days. She had run away, after her employer—Henry Clay Burnell (1806 - 1888), the first settler at Araluen in 1831—and his wife Sarah, née Gray) had forcibly cut off her hair, a punishment of humiliation inflicted upon female convicts for 'vile offences'.

Elrington resigned as a magistrate, unexpectedly, around May 1839. He did not comment publicly on the reason for his sudden resignation, other than to say it was "influenced by the purest of motives." It seems that the cause was a disagreement with Governor Gipps. Elrington had refused to endorse the ticket-of-leave application of one of his former convict stockmen, Patrick Neill, whom he suspected was a cattle thief, but Gipps granted the ticket-of-leave. His resignation can be viewed in the broader context of the disagreement over the future course of the colony, between the reforming governor—preparing the colony for an end to transportation and for self-government—and those opposed to reform—the reactionary faction of landholders known as 'the Exclusives', who relied upon assigned convict labour for their low-cost workforce, and the squatters, who would later form the Pastoral Association of New South Wales.

Convict servants As part of the convict system, male and female convicts were assigned to landowners, as labourers, stockmen, gardeners, shepherds, servants, or people with trades of various kinds. By 1841, there were 59 people living at Mount Elrington, the majority of whom were assigned convicts. It is reported that at dinner time, Elrington sat at one end of the table and at the other, his son, Richard, each with a loaded pistol, and that no convict servant was allowed to walk behind either of them. One convict of African descent, named Moses, was said to have managed to stay at large for several weeks, by living on raw potatoes, turnips, and corn stolen from the estate's fields at night. Found living, in a cavity in the river bank, only a quarter of a mile from the estate, gaunt and famished, Moses returned willingly, such was his condition. It was for this offence that Hare was sentenced to death, in late February, and was executed by hanging on 4 March 1836.

Eventually, with the cessation of convict transportation in 1840 and the end of the assignment of new convicts to private service on 21 July 1841 —which created a shortage of new low-cost labour— while his sons, Thomas and John, were hanged in 1867. Mary's brothers Pat and Tom Connell also became bushrangers and, with their nephews and brother-in-law, part of what was a criminal extended family.

The Clarke brothers' first cousin was Patrick Joseph Hoshie Farrell (1863—1956), but the story of his life was very different. He was born at Braidwood and he was one of the first cohort that would all attend school. His father, Thomas Farrell (1811—1901), was an ex-convict carpenter at Mount Elrington, when he married Mary Connell's younger sister, Ellen (c.1824—1902), in 1841. Thomas and Ellen later moved to Braidwood, where they stayed away from crime and where Thomas used his carpenter's skills as a builder and as an undertaker. In turn, Patrick Farrell's son, Walter Greatsinger Farrell (1897—1990), was a veteran of both World Wars, won a Silver Star, and reached the rank of Major General in the US Marine Corps.

Family, later life, and death By the time that he came to Australia, Elrington's wife, Elizabeth (née Caines), about whom little is known with certainty, was already dead. It is probable that Elizabeth was either a daughter or other relative of Clement Caines, owner of a sugar plantation worked by enslaved people, on what was then known as St Christopher Island in the West Indies. Caines was a prominent supporter of the policy known as 'amelioration.' Elrington had been stationed in the West Indies, during the early part of his military career. Although Louisa was a highly-educated, beautiful, young woman, Elrington objected to the marriage—Louisa was the daughter of a London merchant and thus 'in trade'—and would not consent to it. The couple eloped, marrying at Campbelltown, in 1838, and living for a time in Sydney, where Richard worked as a tutor and Louisa as a governess. Elrington responded by disinheriting Richard. Apparently now estranged from Elrington, they were living in Sydney by 1845 and, in the same year, Mary Smith died and was buried at Mount Elrington. He was performing in Victoria, and living there with his family, in 1847. Louisa, making use of her education and talents, taught for a living, as did Richard at times. Richard died at Ararat, in 1870, and Louisa, in 1893, at Laverton.

The other Richard Goodall Elrington (1776—1845), William Sandys Elrington's elder brother, was a lifelong soldier who fought in many of Britain's wars and, despite a court-marital in 1831-1832, reached the rank of Major-General.

Clement, Elrington's elder son, came to Australia in 1835, as a Lieutenant of the 4th Regiment of Foot, escorting convicts. He had only recently joined that regiment which was bound for New South Wales, and possibly only did so to make the journey with a source of income. Once in New South Wales, in 1836, he sold his commission and retired from the army. Presumably, he joined his father and brother, Richard, at Mount Elrington. In 1840, he bought 640 acres of land—at a lower cost, as a result of his recent military service—far from Mount Elrington, near Maitland, in the Hunter Valley. However, he was very different in temperament to both his father and his younger brother, Richard. He sold the land for a quick profit, in 1841, and he is now mainly remembered as a very minor poet. In June 1856, a man of his name was a passenger, from Hobart to Melbourne, aboard Emma Prescott. His father's will reduced Clement's inheritance by £82, on account of expenses met by his father from 1857; it seems that he was impecunious and living in England around the time of his father's death. Although Clement had owned the land in the Hunter Valley only briefly, his name remained associated with it. His former land was later a part of the vast South Maitland coalfields, and the Elrington Colliery and the locality of Elrington, near Cessnock, are named after him.

Legacy Elrington is remembered by the name of Elrington Street, in Braidwood, most street names of which are taken from those of early settlers of the surrounding region.

South of Braidwood, a settlement officially known as Elrington came into being, around 1840. From the time of the first gold mining, around 1851, it was better known as Majors Creek, but still was at least officially, Elrington. Both these names stem from Major William Sandys Elrington. Majors Creek's sole commercial business, its hotel and post office agency, is still known as the Elrington Hotel. The cadestral area containing the town of Majors Creek is known as the Parish of Elrington.

His former home, still known as 'Mount Elrington', is renowned for the remnants of its historic garden. The garden was begun by Elrington, who brought many of the trees and shrubs from England. His old home retained its small prison, complete with leg irons, until the early 1920s. The old house still stands, in somewhat modified condition, on Mount Elrington Road, but the locality—once Mount Elrington—is now known as Farringdon.

During the late 1920s, Elrington's great-granddaughter, Eleanor Anne Ogilvy, wrote a screenplay, 'The Martinet', about the life and times of Elrington and her grandparents, Richard Elrington and Louisa Clarke. The plot is loosely aligned with the family historical narrative that she wrote as a newspaper article, in 1923. In the screenplay, she disguised the Elrington family, but It seems that the film was never made.