William J. Simmons

William J. Simmons (June 29, 1849 – October 30, 1890) was an American Baptist pastor, educator, author, and activist. He was a former enslaved person who became the second president of Simmons College of Kentucky (1880–1890), for whom the school was later named.

Simmons greatly developed Howard University's teacher training programs when he took over the school. In addition, he was a writer, journalist, and educator. In 1886 he became president of the American National Baptist Convention, one of the organizations that would merge to form the National Baptist Convention, USA. He was elected president of the Colored Press Association for his work as editor of the American Baptist, a newspaper in Louisville, Kentucky. Simmons was also the author of Men of Mark (1877), an anthology of 177 short biographies of notable African American men.

Early life and education Rev. Dr. William J. Simmons was born into slavery in Charleston, South Carolina, to Edward and Esther Simmons on June 29, 1849. When Simmons was young, his mother fled slavery with her three children, William and his two sisters, Emeline and Anna.

They initially settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and were met by an uncle named Alexander Tardiff, who housed them, fed them and educated the children. Due to stemming pressures from slave traders, Tardiff relocated his extended family to Roxbury, Pennsylvania, Chester, Pennsylvania, before ultimately settling in Bordentown, New Jersey. Tardiff had received an education from Bishop Daniel Payne and undertook to give Simmons and his siblings an education on that basis.

Career

American Civil War and Hillsdale School From 1862 to 1864, Simmons served as an apprentice to a dentist. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, enlisting on September 15, 1864, and serving a one-year term. He took part in the siege of Petersburg, the Battle of Hatcher's Run, and the Battle of Appomattox Court House and was present at the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

After the war, Simmons returned to dentistry. In 1867, he became a Baptist and joined a White Baptist church in Bordentown that was pastored by Reverend J. W. Custis. The congregation helped him through college. He attended Madison University (now Colgate University) and graduated in 1868. He later attended University of Rochester and Howard University, from which he earned a bachelor's degree in 1873. As a student, Simmons worked briefly at Hillsdale School in Washington D.C. After graduating, Simmons moved to Arkansas to become a teacher on the advice of Horace Greeley, but returned to Hillsdale soon after. He remained at Hillsdale until June 1874.

In 1890, Simmons and Charles H. Parrish founded the Eckstein Norton Institute in Bullitt County, Kentucky, a vocational school for African American students.

Politics and activism In Kentucky, Simmons was elected for several years the chairman of the State Convention of Colored Men. On September 29, 1882, he was elected editor of the journal the American Baptist, in which he criticized the failures of both the Republican and Democratic parties to support black Americans in their fight for civil rights. He was also president of the American Baptist Company.

In 1886, Simmons was elected over T. Thomas Fortune as president of the Colored Press Association, having lost to W. A. Pledger the previous year. In 1883, Simmons organized the Baptist Women's Educational Convention, and in 1884, Blanche Bruce appointed Simmons commissioner for the state of Kentucky at the 1884 World's Fair in New Orleans. In 1886, he organized and was elected president of the American National Baptist Convention. In 1889 in Indianapolis, Simmons was a leader at the American National Baptist Convention and wrote a resolution to provide aid for blacks fleeing violence in the South and moving to the North.

Awards Simmons received an honorary master's degree from Howard University in 1881 and an honorary doctorate degree from Wilberforce University in 1885.