Watchman Nee

Watchman Nee, Ni Tuosheng, or Nee T'o-sheng (; November 4, 1903 – May 30, 1972), was a 20th century "Chinese evangelist, theologian, and founder of the Local Church movement." He was influenced in part by the Plymouth Brethren, the Higher Life Movement, and Wesleyan-holiness tradition.

In 1922, he initiated church meetings in Fuzhou, Fujian province, that may be considered the beginning of the local churches. During his 30 years of ministry, Nee published many books, including expositions of Scripture as well as works on the Christian life and spiritual experience. He established churches throughout China and held frequent conferences to train Bible students and church workers. Following the Communist Revolution, Nee was persecuted and imprisoned for his faith and spent the last 20 years of his life in prison. He was honored by Christopher H. Smith (R–NJ) in the US Congress on July 30, 2009. He is commemorated in the Presbyterian Church (USA) church calendar on May 30.

He was recognized by Christianity Today as one of the 100 most influential Christians of the century due to his prolific writings and role in founding the Local Church movement. He is considered by some scholars to be "the leading Chinese theologian of the twentieth century.” Despite spending the last two decades of his life in prison where he eventually died, his work continued to spread globally through translations. His most famous work is The Normal Christian Life.

Family and childhood Watchman Nee was born on November 4, 1903, the third of nine children of Ni Weng-hsiu, a well-respected officer in the Imperial Customs Service, and Lin He-Ping (Peace Lin), who excelled as a child at an American-staffed Methodist mission school. His grandfather was a gifted Anglican preacher. During a stint at the Chinese Western Girls' School in Shanghai to improve her English, Lin He-Ping met Dora Yu, a young woman who gave up a potential career in medicine to serve as an evangelist and preacher.

Since Nee's parents were both Methodists, he was baptized by a bishop of the Methodist Church as an infant.

Early schooling In 1916, at age 13, Nee entered the Church Missionary Society Vernacular Middle School in Fuzhou, Fujian province to begin his Western-style education. He then went on to the middle school at Trinity College in Fuzhou, where he demonstrated great intelligence and ambition. Among his classmates was Wilson Wang, brother of one of Watchman Nee's good friends, Leland Wang. The two boys completed college despite severe flooding which brought cholera and plague and hardship to their region. In the final examinations, the 2 boys scored almost the same marks with Wilson Wang topping the class, followed closely by Watchman Nee in second place.

Conversion and training In the spring of 1920, when Nee was 17, Dora Yu was invited to hold ten days of revival meetings in the Church of Heavenly Peace in Fuzhou. After Nee's mother attended these meetings, she was moved to apologize to her son for a previous incident of unjust punishment. Her action impressed Nee so much that he determined to attend the next day's evangelistic meetings to see what was taking place there. After returning from the meeting, according to Nee's own account:

As a student at Trinity College, Nee began to speak to his classmates concerning his salvation experience. Later, he recounted:

After his conversion, Nee desired to be trained as a Christian worker. He first attended Dora Yu's Bible Institute in Shanghai, though he was still a high school student. However, he was dismissed due to his bad and lazy habits, such as sleeping in late. Eventually, Nee's seeking to improve his character brought him into close contact with a British missionary Margaret E. Barber who became his teacher and mentor. Nee would visit Barber on a weekly basis in order to receive spiritual help. Barber treated Nee as a young learner and frequently administered strict discipline. When she died in 1930, Barber left all of her belongings to Nee, who wrote:

The Plymouth Brethren connection Through Barber, Watchman Nee was introduced to the writings of D. M. Panton, Robert Govett, G. H. Pember, Jessie Penn-Lewis, T. Austin-Sparks, and others. In addition, he acquired books from Plymouth Brethren teachers like John Nelson Darby, William Kelly, and C. H. Mackintosh.

Nee derived many of his ideas, including plural eldership, disavowal of a clergy-laity distinction, and worship centered around the Lord's Supper, from the Plymouth Brethren. From 1930 to 1935, his movement interacted internationally with the Raven-Taylor group of Exclusive Brethren led by James Taylor Sr. This group "recognized" the Local Church movement as a parallel work of God, albeit one that had developed independently. Nee refused, however, to follow their practice of isolating themselves from other Christians and rejected their ban on celebrating The Lord's Supper with other Christians. Matters came to a head when Exclusive Brethren leaders learned that during his 1933 visits to the United Kingdom and the United States Nee had broken bread with Honor Oak Christian Fellowship associated with the independent ministry of T. Austin-Sparks and with non-Brethren missionaries whom Nee had known in China. After a series of communications Nee received a letter dated August 31, 1935, signed by leading Brethren, severing fellowship with him and his movement.

Marriage As a teenager, Nee fell in love with Charity Chang. Their two families had been friends for three generations. When Nee became a Christian, Charity ridiculed Jesus in Nee's presence. This bothered him. Eventually, after much struggling, Nee felt he needed to give up on their relationship. Ten years later, after finishing her university education, Charity became a Christian. She began attending church meetings in Shanghai in 1934.

In 1928, Nee published a three-volume book entitled The Spiritual Man. In February of the same year, Nee held his first "Overcomer Conference" in Shanghai. In January 1934, Nee called a special conference on the subjects of "Christ as the Centrality and Universality of God" and "The Overcomers". According to Nee, this was a turning point for him in his ministry. He said, "My Christian life took a big turn from doctrines and knowledge to a living person, Christ, who is God's centrality and universality."

In February 1934, Nee gave a series of talks in which he defined and expounded the practice of the local churches, stating that in the Bible, the church is never divided into regions and never denominated based on a teaching or doctrine. These talks were eventually published in the book The Assembly Life. He publicly condemned denominationalism as sinful, arguing that denominational churches were not true churches. He urged believers to leave them and join his local church system . This provoked strong opposition from the denominations, as many congregations transferred to his movement.

In Pingyang, Zhejiang, congregations formerly affiliated with the China Inland Mission, the Methodist Episcopal Church, and independent churches abandoned their denominational identities. By 1949, more than 100 churches had joined the Local Church, with tens of thousands of believers .

In May of 1934, Nee encouraged Witness Lee to move to Shanghai from Yantai in order to join him and Ruth Lee in their work editing Nee's publications. . Within a short time, the church in Shanghai grew to over 1000 members. False charges and arrests were also brought against many foreign missionaries. Through intensive propaganda campaigns and threats of imprisonment, believers were influenced to accuse one another.

As part of its effort to control the churches, the CCP initiated the Three-Self Patriotic Movement and required churches to join and operate within its system. Some independent church leaders, such as Wang Ming-Dao, refused to do so and were sentenced to life imprisonment. Nee, however, instructed believers in the Local Church to support the movement and join its church system . Nee also instructed the Local Churches to participate in the Denunciation Movement required by the CCP, aimed at purging what the CCP characterized as imperialist influence introduced by Western missionaries . Nee’s concessions to the authorities, however, did not ultimately lead to better outcomes for either the churches or himself.

Nee’s attempts to navigate the new political environment also became evident in the controversy surrounding the Guling Training Center, a key facility for training co-workers. The center was threatened with confiscation under the 1950 Agrarian Reform Law. In response, Nee mobilized the Local Churches to collect 32,782 signatures petitioning the Communist government to protect the property. Realizing that the petition could be interpreted as organized resistance, he instead gave the signatures to Y. T. Wu, the leader of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, presenting them as support for the Three-Self Movement, all without informing those who had signed the petition.

Despite these efforts to accommodate the CCP, Nee was arrested on April 10, 1952 by Public Security officers from Manzhouli, Manchuria and charged with bribery, theft of state property, tax evasion, cheating on government contracts, and stealing of government economic information. By then, he had been the chief decision-maker of the pharmaceutical factory and had controlled many of its assets. Nee was also "re-educated". On January 11, 1956, there was a nationwide sweep targeting the co-workers and elders in the local churches. Some died in labor camps, while others faced long prison sentences. On January 18, 1956, the Religious Affairs Bureau began twelve days of accusation meetings at the church assembly hall on Nanyang Road in Shanghai, in which many accusations were brought against Nee in large accusation meetings. On June 21, 1956, Nee appeared before the High Court in Shanghai, where it was announced that he had been excommunicated by the elders in the church in Shanghai and found guilty on all charges. He was sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment with reform by labor. Initially, he was detained at Tilanqiao Prison in Shanghai but was later moved to other locations. Only his wife, Charity, was allowed to visit him.

On January 29, 1956, Public Security took over the Nanyang Road building, and many of Nee's co-workers were arrested, put into isolation, and forced to repudiate Watchman Nee. Some co-workers joined in the accusation of Watchman Nee while others, such as Peace Wang, Ruth Lee, and Yu Chenghua remained silent and were punished with life imprisonment. Following this, mass accusation meetings were held across the country to condemn the "anti-revolutionary sect of Watchman Nee".

Later imprisonment and death One year before Nee's death in 1972, his wife, Charity, died due to an accident and high blood pressure; Nee was not allowed to attend her funeral. Charity's eldest sister then took the responsibility to care for Nee in prison. Nee was scheduled for release in 1967 but was detained in prison until his death on May 30, 1972. There was no announcement of his death nor any funeral. His remains were cremated on June 1, 1972, before his family arrived at the prison. .

Watchman Nee advocated restoring church life to the pattern of the apostolic era, which meant that there should be only one church in each city . He argued that, according to the New Testament, the city is the proper boundary of a local church and that all believers in a city should therefore belong to the same church. He regarded the existence of multiple churches in one city as wrong and sinful because, in his view, it divided the Body of Christ. Accordingly, Nee held that only a church organized according to his teaching qualified as the one legitimate church in any given city , although that church could have multiple meeting places within the city. He rejected other congregations’ claims to be churches there and urged Christians in those groups to leave them and join the local church instead .

Nee argued that the practice of pastors receiving a salary was not consistent with the biblical pattern .

Nee believed that apostles still exist today . As the foremost apostle raised up by God in China in the 20th century, Nee taught that the elders of a local church must absolutely submit to the apostles because the apostles appoint them . He also taught that believers must absolutely submit to these elders as authorities in the church. In Authority and Submission, he argued that even when the person exercising authority makes a mistake, those under his authority should still submit.

Nee said:

Nee’s teaching had serious consequences. Pastor Shao Zun-Lan once wrote:

Nee had a unique blend of Brethren theology, the exchanged life theology of the Keswick conventions and his own insights into Christian theology. His book, Sit, Walk, Stand focused on the believer's position "in Christ," an important feature of the Apostle Paul's theology.

Watchman Nee is often associated with Free Grace theology. Nee held that assurance is not to be placed upon one's sanctification and put a heavy emphasis on eternal rewards. Nee held that the "outer darkness" mentioned in Matthew is a temporal place for saved Christians who do not live in obedience.

Controversy Over the Allegations

Since Nee was publicly accused by the government in 1956 of sexual misconduct, debate over whether he committed the alleged offense has continued. Response of Supporters Supporters argue that the allegations were politically motivated and defamatory. They point to Zhang Xikang's testimony that the signature on Nee's confession was not in his handwriting , Nee's wife's refusal to acknowledge misconduct or divorce him , and the numerous wrongful accusations and persecutions during Chairman Mao's rule between 1950 and 1978.

Views of Critics Leung Ka-Lun, Lily M. Hsu, and others argue that Nee had serious problems in his relationships with women . Lily M. Hsu, a former church member, reported that in 1956 she and Zhang Xikang visited Miao X-chun, one of two alleged victims, the other being Zhang X-nian, both of whom were female coworkers of Nee. Miao acknowledged that an incident had occurred. The church subsequently revoked the ministerial positions of the two coworkers for concealing the matter.

Publications In addition to speaking frequently before many audiences, Watchman Nee authored various books, articles, newsletters, and hymns. Most of his books were based on notes taken down by students during his spoken messages. Some books were compiled from messages published previously in his periodicals.

Watchman Nee's best-known book in English is The Normal Christian Life, is based on talks he delivered in English during a trip to England and Europe in 1938 and 1939. There he expressed theological views on the New Testament book of Romans. The English messages of The Normal Christian Life were first published chapter by chapter in the magazine A Witness and A Testimony beginning in the November–December issue in 1940. It was later published as a book by Witness and Testimony Publishers in August 1945 and advertised in the September–October edition of the A Witness and A Testimony magazine.

Some of Watchman Nee's best-known books include: The Spiritual Man (1928), translated in 1969 Concerning Our Missions (1939), translated in 1942 The Song of Songs (1945), translated in 1970 The Breaking of the Outer Man and the Release of the Spirit (1950), translated in 1961 The Normal Christian Life (1938–1939), published in 1940 (messages given in English) The Normal Christian Church Life (1938), translated in 1965 Sit, Walk, Stand (1957), translated in 1971 What Shall this Man Do? (1961), translated in 1975 Love Not the World (1951), translated in 1968 Let Us Pray (1942), translated in 1949 A Living Sacrifice (1932), translated in 1950 Authority & Submission (1941), translated in 1950 The Spirit of the Gospel (1949), translated in 1971 God's Work (1940), translated in 1967 Back to the Cross (1931), translated in 1956 Grace for Grace (1949), translated in 1968 How to Study the Bible (1956), translated in 1968 Practical Issues of this life (1938), translated in 1970 The Mystery of Creation, translated in 1981

In addition to publishing his own books, other spiritual publications were translated from English and published under Watchman Nee's oversight. These included books by T. Austin-Sparks, Madame Guyon, Mary E. McDonough, Jessie Penn-Lewis, and others.