Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah

Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah (, ) was the founder of the Bengal Sultanate and Ilyas Shahi dynasty. The Ilyas Shahi Dynasty ruled Bengal for 145 years.

Life and family Ilyas Shah was a follower of Sunni Islam. There are conflicting views on whether he was born in Sistan or not, although it is agreed that his origins definitely lay in the Sistan region of what is today eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan. According to Syed A M R Haque, it was his predecessors who had first arrived to the subcontinent, as Muslim missionaries, and the family were granted jagirs by the Delhi Sultanate in Bengal in 1227. Ilyas was a Sunni Muslim by faith. and they later had two sons and several daughters including Sikandar Shah. Sanyal adds that the marriage was initially protested by upper-class Brahmins due to the fact that widow remarriage was impermissible in Hinduism. Nevertheless, Ilyas proceeded with the nikah as he could not allow the girl to live as an outcast in her society or fall into harlotry. This narrative is supported by Dinesh Chandra Sen. Citing Nalini Kanta Bhattasali, Abdul Karim also mentions that Ilyas married a Hindu woman according to tradition, without mentioning her name as Fulmati.

Military campaigns

Ilyas Shah maintained an army of 90,000 cavalry and many elephants. In 1346, As the ruler of Satgaon, Ilyas Shah led the very first Muslim army into Nepal. where Ilyas had constructed a large fort and urbanised the area. Ilyas then thrust through the Terai plains with his army, into the Kathmandu Valley ruled by Jayaraja Deva. His army sacked the temple of Swayambhunath and looted Kathmandu city for three days, returning to Bengal with plentiful spoils. None of the existing buildings in Kathmandu valley predates the raid. However, the temple of Changu Narayan was never sacked as the Islamic forces could never locate the temple.

Ilyas Shah then invaded Orissa, which was ruled by Bhanudeva II of the Eastern Ganga dynasty. He further sacked Jajpur, Cuttack and reached as far as the Chilika Lake. The Jagannath Temple was also desecrated during the invasion. He also led a successful campaign against the Kamarupa kingdom in present-day Assam, being the first Muslim king to capture Guwahati. Ilyas Shah also founded the city of Hajipur and first settled in 1350 AD.

In November 1353, the Delhi Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq launched an invasion of Bengal. His army occupied Pandua. Ilyas Shah and his forces retreated to the fortress of Ekdala. The Delhi Sultan laid siege to the fortress for two months. The Delhi Sultanate's forces then began withdrawing. Ilyas Shah began to pursue the Delhi army and reached as far as Varanasi. The Delhi army formidably fought back. Firuz Shah returned to Delhi in 1355. Ilyas Shah regained control of Bengal and his realm extended up to the Koshi River. This led to him being styled as "the second Alexander" in the same manner as Alauddin Khalji.

Unification of Bengal Ilyas worked under the service of the Delhi Sultanate, though it is not confirmed if he was positioned in Bengal from the start. Some have claimed that Ilyas was originally based in Delhi and moved to Bengal after problems arose, while others claim that his family had migrated to Bengal long before. Ilyas Shah emerged victorious after conquering Lakhnauti and Sonargaon in 1342 and 1352 respectively. He then proclaimed the establishment of the Sultanate of Bengal in 1352 through the unification of these regions, moving his capital to Pandua, not far from Lakhnauti in northern Bengal. The area was the former capital of the Gaur kings and Pala emperors.

Bengal Delta territory was known as "Vanga" was renamed as "Bangālah" or "Mulk-i-Bangālah". He was known as "Shāh-i-Bangāliyān" or "Shāh-i-Bangālah" during his tenure.

Shams-i Siraj 'Afif author of Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi referred to Shams al-Din Ilyas Shah as the "sultan of the Bengalis" and the "king of Bengal.

Coins bearing attributes were inscribed by the Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah and Sikandar Shah:

Government Ilyas Shah displayed an egalitarian attitude towards his subjects; his administration was known for its equality and acceptance of members from different religious, caste, social, and ethnic communities. He standardised the people of Bengal under the banner of one politico-social and linguistic platform, including the Bengali language. The region received immigrants from across the Muslim world, including North Indians, Turks, Abyssinians, Arabs and Persians.

Although he was born in Safarid Sistan in Iran, it is debated whether he was a Turk or a Persian, given that he replaced Bangla with Persian as his court language. Under the Bengal sultanate Persian became the language of art, culture, education and literature in Bengal. After his ascent, bengal remained under foreign control until the twentieth century, including Turkic, Afghan, Iranian and British rulers, except for a brief interregnum by Raja Ganesha in 1415.

He maintained good relations with Firuz Shah Tughluq , towards the end of his reign. He sent elephants to the Delhi court and received Turkish and Arabian horses in return.

Death Ilyas Shah died on January 1358, and was buried in Hajipur.

Legacy In honour of his efforts in fortifying and urbanising Ukkacala,

Presently, a mazar (mausoleum) on SDO Road is attributed to the former Sultan, and lies adjacent to the Haji Ilyaas Park. The tomb is respected by both Muslims and Hindus, who hold a mela every year during his Urus.