Pu xie qi yao

Pu-xie-qi-yao , also transcribed Puyeqiyao and Punaqiyao, was a ruler of the kingdom of Tou-he , recorded in the Chinese Tongdian. centred at Nakhon Pathom. He is associated with the tributary mission sent to the Chinese court in 649. while Lin Ying and Huang Jiaxin translate Touheluo as the ruler's name and Puyeqiyao as his given name.

His reign is inferred rather than directly dated. The departure of Kalavarnadisharaja from Nakhon Pathom, mentioned in the traditions as Takkasila, for Lavo's Lavapura in 648 provides an earlier chronological point, while the next recorded ruler, Pujiayuemo, sent an embassy in the name of Gē Luó Shě Fēn in 656.

Around this period, the name Sambuka, commonly identified with Nakhon Pathom, appears in the Lopburi inscription K.577, dated to the mid-7th to mid-8th century. The inscription mentions an unnamed king of Sambuka as the father of Arushva, chief of the people of Tangura. However, no connection has been established between this unnamed king and the kings of Nakhon Pathom mentioned in local traditions and Chinese texts.

Tou-he in the Chinese records

The Tongdian describes Tou-he as a polity with six markets, where merchants used small silver coins resembling elm pods. The king exercised indirect authority over several cities, while the walled royal enclosure contained the palace and administrative offices. About ten thousand households lived outside the enclosure and supported themselves through agriculture and trade without paying taxes. The account also describes raised houses with tiled roofs and a king who wore a gold crown, earrings and jewelled leather shoes. This contrasts with the grass-roofed houses described for the preceding reign of Qizhangmo.