Monica Wichfeld

Monica Emily Wichfeld (née Massy-Beresford; 12 July 1894 – 27 February 1945) was a leading member of the Danish resistance during the German occupation of Denmark in the Second World War. She was the first woman in Denmark to receive a capital sentence for resistance against the Nazis, but argued for its commutation to imprisonment.

Early life Wichfeld was born to Irish parents at 7 Eaton Square in Belgravia in London and was raised at St. Hubert's, a large Victorian house in the townland of Geaglum, very near the villages of Derrylin and Teemore, in the south of County Fermanagh in the south-west of Ulster. St. Hubert's was on the western shores of Upper Lough Erne, being only a short distance (by boat) north of Crom Castle. Her brother was Brigadier Tim Massy-Beresford (1896-1987) She was involved in the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) during the Home Rule Crisis in Ireland, and participated in the illegal distribution of firearms associated with the SS Clyde Valley Larne gun-running operation in April 1914, which was led by Major Fred Crawford. Wichfeld's favourite brother, Lieutenant John Clarina Massy-Beresford, served with the Royal Field Artillery (RFA) during the First World War and was killed in action in 1918 at the age of 21. After this event, Wichfeld was reported to have harboured a personal hatred of the Germans.

Marriage

On 15 June 1916, she married Danish aristocrat and diplomat Jørgen Adalbert Wichfeld (16 August 1885 - 30 July 1966), the Secretary of the Danish Legation to London. Wichfeld and her husband moved to his Engestofte Estate near Maribo on the island of Lolland in Denmark, where she became a Danish citizen and had three children: Ivan (1919), Varinka (1922) and Viggo (1924). During this time, she became the friend and lover of Kurt Heinrich Eberhard Erdmann Georg, Greve (Count) von Haugwitz-Hardenberg-Reventlow, who lived in neighbouring Hardenberg Manor.

Danish Resistance during the Second World War

After the outbreak of the Second World War, Wichfeld's family was forced to leave the Kingdom of Italy when Mussolini ordered British citizens to leave the country in 1941. She returned to Engestofte in Denmark, and began to actively seek out supporters of the Danish resistance. In the summer of 1942 she rented a cottage at Engestofte to journalist Hilmar Wulff and his new wife, teacher Karen Inga Petersen along with dissident poet Halfdan Rasmussen. All three were members of the Danish Communist Party and Wulff was the editor of two underground newspapers Free Denmark and Land and People . Wichfeld began to drum up funds to feed the production and distribution of the papers, and to fund the underground activities of the Communist Party. Later that year, in a new partnership with Erik Kiersgaard, a member of the resistance who had organized a sabotage unit, Wichfeld began to store firearms, ammunition and explosives at Engestofte to support their cause.

Arrest, imprisonment and death In late 1942 telephone transmissions between Jacob and other resistance members were intercepted by Gestapo wiretaps and led to the arrest of Jacob in Århus. Under interrogation and torture, Jacob gave away the names of forty-four resistance fighters and a hundred Danish families working with them. Wichfeld was one of them. Despite having received rumours that the Gestapo had evidence against her and would be coming to arrest her, Wichfield refused to leave Engestofte saying "I have joined the struggle for Denmark. I am willing to pay the price." In January 1944, she was arrested at Engestofte and imprisoned in Copenhagen's Vestre Fængsel prison where she was subjected to daily interrogation for four months. The resistance did mount a rescue plan that involved bribing a Gestapo agent to help facilitate her escape with a staged ambush, but the agent bungled the plan by getting drunk and having himself revealed. The Gestapo staged the transfer of an agent disguised as Wichfeld to try and capture the resistance ambush team that included her daughter Varinka and Flemming Muus, but the team recognized the agent as a decoy and did not attack. but was told she could beg clemency to have it commuted to a life sentence. She asked the court if the same offer extended to the other defendants, and when it was not, turned it down flatly, and then sat down and casually powdered her nose.

There was outrage across the country at her sentence, as capital punishment for women had long since been considered barbaric in Denmark. The sentence was later converted into a life sentence, and because there was no penal servitude for women in Denmark, she was transferred with other women captured as part of the resistance Hvidsten group to Cottbus POW camp in Germany, and eventually transferred to Waldheim Prison. She died there of pneumonia on 27 February 1945 after a long bout of tuberculosis, one month before the end of the Second World War.

Commemoration Wichfeld is listed on the memorial wall in Ryvangen Memorial Park indicating that the whereabouts of her remains are unknown.

The Ulster History Circle unveiled a blue plaque in her memory at Kinawley and Holy Trinity Parish Church in Derrylin in November 2023, close to her childhood home, St. Hubert's, on the shores of Upper Lough Erne.