Marhum of Ternate

Marhum (Jawi: ), was, according to late tradition, the eighteenth King or Kolano of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He supposedly ruled between 1465 and 1486, being the first king to adopt Islam. His name merely means "The Late", "The Deceased", and he is probably the same person as King Gapi Baguna II (Jawi: ), mentioned in several other chronicles and king lists. His son, Zainal Abidin, became the first Sultan of Ternate.

François Valentijn's account

The only authors to give substantial information about Marhum are Europeans, namely the German botanist Georg Rumphius (1678), and the Dutch cleric François Valentijn in his comprehensive work Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien (1724–1726). Rumphius and Valentijn drew from now lost manuscripts and traditions from North Maluku. According to Rumphius's account, Marhum was the first ruler of Ternate and was of either Javanese or Butonese descent. On the contrary, Valentijn says that he was the son and successor of the seventeenth King Gapi Baguna II (r. 1432–1465). His island kingdom was one of the four realms that traditionally existed in North Maluku, the others being Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. Jailolo, which was based on Halmahera, was as yet the most powerful of the four, and waged war against Marhum during his time. The reign of Marhum saw significant economic changes in the region. Malay, Javanese and Chinese traders arrived in increasing numbers to the islands in eastern Indonesia to purchase spices. The Banda Islands in southern Maluku became an important trading entrepot, and a few Ternatan ships went there with cargoes of cloves which grew abundantly on their island. This attracted the foreign merchants to proceed from Banda to Ternate to take in spices. At this time the clove trees were not purposefully planted, and the locals obtained the stalks by cutting down the branches rather than climbing the trees to pick the stalks, as was later the case. It has therefore been assumed that one historical figure has been split into two. Whatever the case, European accounts from the 16th century say that Islam had been introduced in North Maluku in about the 1460s or 1470s, which provides some support for the conversion stories.