Mahmud Shah of Jaunpur

Early life Mahmud was the eldest son of Ibrahim Shah.

Reign

He conducted numerous invasions of neighboring empires in order to expand his realm, launching campaigns against Bengal, Chunar, Orissa, Malwa, and Gondwana. As one of the most accomplished sultans of the Jaunpur Sultanate, he reigned successfully and also led campaigns against Kalpi. He also entered into a matrimonial alliance with the Sultan of Delhi, a neighboring kingdom. He was one of the most influential rulers of his time, successfully consolidating a significant portion of his empire.

Military conquests

War with Kalpi

In 1443, Mahmud received news that the town of Shahpur had been devastated by Nasir Khan, the son of Qadir Shah. In response, Mahmud decided to attack Nasir Khan. He sought permission from Sultan Mahmud Khalji of Malwa, who granted it and even sent an ambassador with valuable presents. This led to Mahmud sending twenty-nine elephants as a present to the Malwa ruler. With a large army, Mahmud marched against Nasir Khan, who fled to Chanderi. Nasir Khan complained to Sultan Mahmud Khalji, who sent an ambassador with fine presents to Mahmud Sharqi, requesting the restoration of Kalpi to Nasir Khan. In response to another complaint, Mahmud Khalji marched with a large army to capture Mahmudabad. After several battles, a peace agreement was reached, with Mahmud Sharqi agreeing to return Kalpi and other captured towns to Nasir Khan after four months. After the agreement, both rulers returned to their respective capitals. Mahmud Sharqi celebrated his safe return by generously bestowing rich presents to nobles and scholars.

March against Chunar In the third and fourth years of his reign, Mahmud Sharqi focused on consolidating his power by dealing with rebellious chiefs near Chunar, as reported by Nizam-ud Din and Firishta. The formidable fort of Chunar held great strategic importance, serving as a strong foothold in the region. Mahmud Sharqi employed force to subdue the rebellious chiefs, resulting in some of them being executed. Subsequently, he appointed his own officials, namely muqtas and revenue collectors, to govern these territories. This concerted effort bolstered Mahmud Sharqi's influence and control over the region.

Campaigns against Ujjainias of Bhojpur As mentioned previously, following the passing of Ujjainiya leader Jagdeo, his successor, Sangram Deo, persisted with guerrilla attacks on local chiefs in Jaunpur until the death of Ibrahim Sharqi in 1440. Subsequently, the Ujjainiya leader, Sangram Deo, descended from the hills and established control over Bhojpur, making Dawa, located between Bikrampur and Dumraon in the modern Bhojpur district, his seat of power. After Sangram Deo's demise in vs 1510 (1453–4), his son, Ishwari Singh, assumed leadership. However, Ishwari Singh was inclined towards a hedonistic lifestyle, resulting in disarray within his autonomous fiefdom. Upon learning of the disorder, Sultan Mahmud Sharqi promptly dispatched a force to conquer the Ujjainiya stronghold. Despite Ishwari Singh fleeing to the forests, the Sharqi troops ultimately succeeded in apprehending and eliminating him. Subsequently, Dawa, the capital of the Ujjainiyas, was occupied by the Jaunpur Sultan, who appointed his official there before returning to Jaunpur. However, the Ujjainiyas persistently carried out guerrilla attacks on the Jaunpur soldiers until Mahmud Sharqi's demise in 1457. It's worth noting that all these military confrontations involving the Jaunpur army and Ujjainiya Rajputs occurred in and around the present-day Bhojpur district of Bihar and the eastern regions of modern-day Uttar Pradesh, contrary to Saeed's assertions referencing Rewa or Ujjain (Malwa).

Orissa campaign According to Nizam-ud Din, after his Chunar campaign Mahmud Sharqi marched with his army against Orissa. He advanced into the country of Orissa and after much plunder returned with an enormous booty. Firishta has also recorded something similar.

War with Delhi Sultanate

Owing to the weakness of the Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad Shah, both Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur and Mahmud Khalji of Malwa invaded and occupied a large amount of Delhi Sultanate's territory. In 1451, Bahlul Khan Lodi assumed the throne of Delhi and established the Lodi dynasty. The only surviving piece of architecture of his reign is the Lal Darwaza mosque, commissioned by his queen, Bibi Raji.