Judah ben Tabbai

Judah ben Tabbai ( Yehuda ben Tabbai) was a Pharisee scholar, av beit din of the Sanhedrin, and one of "the Pairs" (zugot) of Jewish leaders who lived in the first century BCE. He lived approximately from 120 BCE to 50 BCE.

Av beit din of the Sanhedrin To escape Alexander Jannaeus's persecution of the Pharisees, Judah ben Tabbai, who was already a prominent Pharisee scholar, fled to Alexandria.

Opposition to the Sadducees According to the Torah, if a witness testifies falsely in court against a defendant, the punishment for the false witness is the same as the punishment would have been for the defendant had he been convicted (Deuteronomy 19:16-21). According to the Talmud, the Sadducees held that the false witness is punished only if the defendant has already been punished. However, according to the Pharisees, the false witness could be punished even if the defendant was never punished.

Because Judah ben Tabbai opposed the Sadducees, in a particular capital case in which a false witness testified, he ordered that the false witness be executed even though the defendant was not punished. According to the Talmud, this was wrong, since, under Pharisaic rules, a false witness could only be punished if there were two or more false witnesses, and in this particular case, only one of the witnesses was deemed to be a false witness. Upon realizing this error, Judah spent time at the grave of the false witness that he ordered to be executed, crying and seeking forgiveness. such as Moses ben Elijah Bashyazi, and Solomon Jedidiah ben Aaron, Judah ben Tabbai was the founder of Karaite Judaism. The claim argues a narrative that because Alexander Jannaeus persecuted the Pharisees, and later Salome Alexandra expelled the Sadducees, once Simeon ben Shetach began restoring the Sanhedrin, there was little check on his power. Thus, as part of Simeon's reorganization of the Sanhedrin, he introduced new laws that were hitherto unknown, but which he claimed originated with Moses. These new laws then came to be known as the Oral Torah. Judah ben Tabbai, on the other hand, continued to apply only the Written Torah, the written law which was known since ancient times. Thus, Simeon and his followers became the founders of Rabbinic Judaism, which is Judaism based on the Written Torah and the new oral laws, whereas Judah and his followers, and all the Pharisees who continued to follow only the Written Torah, became the founders of Karaite Judaism. This split is said to have occurred in approximately 57 BCE. It is further recognized that the ambiguities in the Written Torah did not prevent Moses and the jews from fulfilling it with certain specifications, making the existence of oral traditions axiomatic. The Karaite disagreements are inherently historical – for example, the Karaites maintain that sexual intercourse is "work" prohibited on the sabbath, while the Rabbis disagree. More than an interpretative question, at the time of the disagreement one can see what had been historically done.

Moreover, the official Pharisaic history written in 200 CE lists Judah Ben Tabai as a generational link in the chain of their oral teachings from Moses. Rabbinic historians have never considered this Karaite claim worth responding to.

Students Among Simeon Ben Shetach Judah ben Tabbai's students were the next Pharisee zugot, Shmaya and Abtalion.