John Gerrard

John Gerrard (born 20 July 1974) is an Irish artist, best known for his sculptures, which typically take the form of digital simulations displayed using real-time computer graphics.

Education Gerrard received a BFA from The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, Oxford University. During this time he made his first experiments with 3D scanning as a form of sculptural photography. He undertook postgraduate studies at The School of The Art Institute of Chicago and Trinity College, Dublin, and in 2002 was awarded a Pépinières Residency at Ars Electronica, Linz, where he developed his first works in 3D Real-time computer graphics. In June 2009 he began a six-month guest residency at the Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam. During 2012 he was Legacy Fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford, working on Exercise (Djibouti) 2012, a commission for Modern Art Oxford and the London 2012 Festival.

Works Gerrard's works concern themselves with the nature of contemporary power in the broadest sense, epitomising the structures of power and the networks of energy that characterized the massive expansion and intensification of human endeavour that took place during the twentieth century. Many works have featured geographically isolated industrial facilities that are a hidden part of the global production network that makes the luxuries of contemporary life possible. As Emily Hall wrote in ArtForum:

[Gerrard's] fine balance of concept, content, and material suggest a theme and variations on the theme of the virtual. The computer-generated landscapes bring to mind, of course, virtual worlds, video games, special effects – that is, ways of producing unrealities. Here the format manifests something quite real, albeit at the periphery of most of our worlds – the discomfort of this admission is part of the work's impact – since for many of us, the arrival of food in our markets and the availability of oil are things we take on faith, if we think about them at all. Their existence remains provisional – more or less virtual – whether in life, on a gallery wall, or on a computer chip.

Gerrard's works are constructed as simulations or virtual worlds, using 3D Real-time computer graphics – a technology originally developed for military use, and now used extensively in the videogame industry (he currently uses Unigine 3D engine ). Although making use of advanced digital technology, Gerrard's work has been noted for its resistance to being categorised as 'new media art'. Gerrard himself regards realtime 3D as 'a post-cinematic medium in which one can manipulate and interact with time in new ways'. He has also said that the works constitute a continuing reflection upon his own time: 'these melancholic realms are in some way a road movie of the Twentieth Century, a revisiting of the extraordinary comforts and freedoms that I've experienced.' Gerrard's interest in minimalism and postminimalism

Working initially from research documents, texts or striking images in the popular press, Gerrard uses the internet as a research tool, in what he calls 'image wandering'. This subsequently leads to exploratory journeys, during which subjects are often discovered by chance. Once a structure is selected for a 'portrait', the artist takes a comprehensive set of several thousand photographs of surfaces and surroundings. These photographs are used in the studio as textures for a reconstructed, hand-built virtual 3d model of the structure, which in turn is then placed within a 'virtual world' that incorporates the passing of time and other environmental elements. This survey was the starting point of the work Farm (Pryor Creek, Oklahoma) 2015. The work features a simulated "twin" of the squat building flanked by diesel generators and powerful cooling towers, as seen from a virtual camera orbiting the facility. As suggested by the title, the architecture of the server farm bears marked resemblance to Gerrard's earlier works depicting livestock facilities, Grow Finish Unit and Sow Farm, Gerrard states that he wants the work to pose the following questions: "What does the internet look like? What are the material qualities of the network? How is it powered? Do we consume this facility—or does it consume us?"

Critical response included:

We don’t question where these things come from, they just appear, but Gerrard wants to confront all of that. He wants to unshroud the mysteries behind our Facebook feeds and push notifications. — Eddy Frankel, Time Out, 20 February 2015

he effect […] is more painterly than cinematic. It is like a 16th century Dutch still life moving in very slow motion. The effect is mesmerising and disorienting, your understanding of the real and the record and the representation shaken and shifted. – Nick Compton, Wallpaper, 10 February 2015

Solar Reserve (Tonopah, Nevada) 2014

Solar Reserve, by John Gerrard. Installed at Lincoln Center, New York.

Solar Reserve (Tonopah, Nevada) 2014 features a simulated landscape showing computer-generated images of a solar thermal power plant in Nevada, whose central tower is surrounded by 10,000 mirrors which reflect sunlight onto it to heat salt to high temperatures, forming a thermal battery which is used to generate electricity. Over the course of a 365-day year, the work replicates the movements of the sun, moon, and stars across the sky as they would appear at the Nevada site. The mirrors adjust their positions in real time according to the position of the sun. Over a 24-hour period the virtual camera view of the tower shifts, following the movement of the mirrors, from ground level to an overhead satellite view.

Pulp Press (Kistefos) 2013

Pulp Press (Kistefos) 2013, by John Gerrard. Installed at Kistefos-Museet Sculpture Park, Jevnaker, Norway

Pulp Press (Kistefos) 2013 is situated in the grounds of the Kistefos-Museet Sculpture Park, the site of a nineteenth-century paper mill in Jevnaker, an hour north of Oslo, Norway.

Within a projected simulation, the original paper press operates continually, generating 'bales' of data using a physical modelling algorithm devised specially for the work. The bales are stored on hard drives each of which, when it reaches full capacity, is lodged inside the pavilion, thus providing a physical indicator of the accretion of virtual data. The simulation is housed in a 100m² poured concrete pavilion designed by the artist in collaboration with Dublin-based architects A2, with technical design and object production handled by Vienna-based Inseq Design.

Exercise In a recent series of works under the collective title Exercise Gerrard has addressed what James der Derian has called the "military-industrial-media-entertainment network" – the convergence of media spectacle and military power, both operated through digital simulation technology. The work draws on sources such as the military simulation ARMA and the US army public media site dvidshub.

Live Fire Exercise Live Fire Exercise, a collaboration with celebrated choreographer Wayne Mcgregor, uses Gerrard's simulation as a projected backdrop to McGregor's dance piece comprising a simulation of a massive explosion, and its subsequent fallout, in the Djibouti desert, which is used for US military training exercises.

Critical response included: John Gerrard's backdrop ... is both alluring and sinister. […] Rarely does a new dancework offer quite so many satisfying interconnections. – Jenny Gilbert, The Independent

Although [Gerrard's work] is of an African desert, it makes you think of Afghanistan and Iraq. With the same blank dispassion of a film such as The Hurt Locker it creates an alien landscape in which McGregor's six dancers, in Lucy Carter's half-light, grapple with the choreography of conflict. This sophisticated tapestry of movement is staggeringly beautiful, its pensive, slightly mournful mood engrossing. It is dance for people who like to think as well as feel, both abstract and real. – Sarah Crompton, The Telegraph

The contrast between Gerrard's film event and Tippett's gentle pastorale is brutal in its irony, but McGregor's neo-balletic vocabulary, with its anguished grapplings and cradlings, unites the two. These are the scorched landscapes on which our privilege is built, these are the people who suffer so that we may not, this is the human body in hyperstress. – Luke Jennings, The Observer

Infinite Freedom Exercise (Near Abadan, Iran) 2011 In this public commission for Manchester International Festival, a virtual soldier in a simulated landscape executes an algorithmic cycle of gestures. Gerrard worked with a member of Wayne McGregor Random Dance, who was motion-captured moving into a number of postures that Gerrard took from photographs of military exercises on dvidshub. In the virtual world, they are triggered by an algorithm according to a set of rules developed in collaboration with McGregor.

Exercise (Djibouti) 2012 Exercise (Djibouti) 2012 is the result of Gerrard's Legacy Fellowship at Magdalen College, Oxford, an alliance between Modern Art Oxford, Oxford University Sport and the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art, to mark the London 2012 Summer Olympics. The work draws parallels between the spectacle of troops being exhaustively put through their paces as the representatives of power, and the global, celebratory spectacle of the Olympic Games.

On a simulacrum of the barren Djibouti landscape, two teams of computer-generated figures, wearing red and blue, the traditional colours of war gaming, meet daily at dawn to initiate a series of cryptic gestural routines. The figures represent a group of elite athletes who were engaged for the project during their training for the 2012 London Olympics and whose actual movements were subsequently digitised using motion capture technologies. Exercise exists in 'real time' (Djibouti: GMT +3 hours), orbiting over a yearly cycle that also incorporates the movements of sun, moon and stars.

Exercise (Dunhuang) 2014 Exercise (Dunhuang) 2014 originated in satellite images that were the object of online discussion and speculation during 2011. The images show a mysterious structure in the heart of the Chinese desert, a precise system of roadways the size of a small town and apparently designed to be seen from orbit. Gerrard commissioned an American satellite imaging firm to depth-scan these markings, and visited the site to document it photographically, in order to digitally reconstruct the entire structure and its surrounding landscape. Into this simulation, the artist places motion-captured simulacra of thirty-nine workers from a Ghangzhou computer manufacturing plant, clothed in the blue uniforms and elasticated paper bonnets they wear for their work.

The workers' paths across the grid are calculated and determined by the A* search algorithm, as used in GPS routefinding systems. The work is exhibited as a three-screen installation showing views of this process from three different virtual cameras: from human head height, from the point of view of a circling low-flying drone, and from a satellite's distant overhead perspective. When two participants meet, the actor closest to their goal continues walking, while the other must sit or lie on the landscape and rest. After a period lasting between 24 and 36 hours, only one remains standing. The process then draws to a close, the actors reassemble at the centre of the scene, the ground-level point of view gravitates around the worker who endured the longest, and the exercise begins anew.

Dust Storm (Dalhart, Texas) 2007 / Dust Storm, 2007

The Dust Storm works are virtual recreations of duststorms from found photographs, placed upon reconstructions of the landscape as it stands today.

Upon the Exhibition of the work at Art Chicago in 2008, critic Alan Artner led his review of the Fair with the headline 'A New Medium Emerges', opining that 'Not many times in life can anyone see an artist pioneer a significant new medium. But that is what we see in John Gerrard's Dust Storm (Manter, Kansas)'''. Artner continues:

Dust Storm unites a classic image from the Great Depression with a contemporary industrial landscape, setting them in a cosmological orbit that is completed over the full spectrum of a year. The exploitation of oil that goes back to the beginning of the 20th Century is presented as the catalyst of conditions that led to the ecological disaster of Dust Bowl. But nothing is didactic. The pity in the subject comes to viewers subliminally through a visual poem of complexity and power.

Other critical responses included:

In a strange reversal, Dust Storm makes our contemporary thirst for oil, and an attendant blindness to its effects on the world, animate a historic catastrophe in the panhandle of George W. Bush’s home state, a disaster that was likewise driven by oil, rapaciousness, and willful ignorance of the consequences. — Joseph Wolin, in Modern Painters

Grow Finish Unit (near Elkhart, Kansas) 2008 Grow Finish Unit (near Elkhart, Kansas) 2008 depicts a pork production plant in the US midwest. Gerrard has stated that his visit to the Chinati Foundation at Marfa following the 2007 show Equal, That Is, To the Real Itself, and in particular seeing Donald Judd's 100 Untitled Works in Milled Aluminium, sensitised him to the recurrent forms of the pig production units he saw in the distance from the highway. Working with his partner Cesar Mejias Olmedo, he drove offroad to discover more about the structures, giving rise to Grow Finish Unit.

Portrait to Smile Once a Year, (Mary) As the title suggests, this work consists of a realtime 3d portrait of a woman, Mary, who smiles once a year.

Smoke Trees A series of works featuring realtime 3d models of trees which have smoke in place of foliage.

Exhibitions Gerrard has participated in group shows including "The Everyday Experience", Irish Museum of Modern Art (2013–14), "Constructing the View", Irish Museum of Modern Art (2013), "The Universal Addressability of Dumb Things", Bluecoat, Liverpool, UK (2013), "Out of the Ordinary", Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington DC (2013–14), "0 to 60: The Experience of Time in Contemporary Art", North Carolina Museum of Art (2013), "Open File: Long Live the New Flesh", ICA, London (2013), "Pursuit of Perfection: The Politics of Sport", South London Gallery/Southwark Old Town Hall, London (2012), "More Real? Art in the Age of Truthiness", SITE, Santa Fe (2012–13), "Marking Time", Museum of Contemporary Art, Australia (2012), "Visions Fugitives", Le Fresnoy Studio National des Arts Contemporains, BEYOND at Kumu Art Museum, Tallinn, Estonia (2011), 20/20, Irish Museum of Modern Art, Ireland (2011), EV+A, Limerick, Ireland, in collaboration with Peter Carroll. (2010), Infinitum at Palazzo Fortuny, Venice, (2009), Academia at L’Ecole de Beaux-Arts, Paris (2008), Equal, That Is, To the Real Itself, Marian Goodman Gallery, New York, Existencias, the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León (2007).

Recent solo presentations of Gerrard's work include "Exercise", Kunsthalle Darmstadt (2015), "Farm", Thomas Dane Gallery, London (2015), "Sow Farm", Rathole Gallery, Tokyo (2015), "Solar Reserve", Lincoln Centre, New York (2014), "The Surface of the World: Architecture and the Moving Image", Museum of Contemporary Art and Design, Pasay, Philippines (2014), "Exercise (Djibouti) 2012", Screenspace, Melbourne (2014), "Exercise", Borusan Contemporary, Istanbul (2014), "Exercise", Simon Preston Gallery, New York (2013), "Exercise (Djibouti), 2012", Modern Art Oxford (2012), "John Gerrard", Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art, UK, Infinite Freedom Exercise, Manchester International Festival, Manchester, UK (2011), John Gerrard, Ivory Press, Madrid, Spain (2011), John Gerrard, Perth Institute of Contemporary Art, Perth, Australia (2011), Universal, Void, The Void Derry, N. Ireland (2011), John Gerrard, Thomas Dane Gallery, London, UK (2010), Cuban School, Simon Preston Gallery, New York (2010), Sow Farm : What You See is Where You're At, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh, Scotland (2010), Oil Stick Work, Art on the Underground, Canary Wharf Station, London, UK (2009 / 10), Directions : John Gerrard, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington DC, US (2009), and John Gerrard, Animated Scene, 53rd International Art Exhibition, La Biennale di Venezia, Italy (2009).

Gallery representation John Gerrard is represented by Pace Gallery, globally.