Johanna M Rommens

Johanna Rommens is a Canadian geneticist who was on the research team which identified and cloned the CFTR gene, which when mutated, is responsible for causing cystic fibrosis (CF). She later discovered the gene responsible for Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that causes pancreatic and hematologic problems. She is a Senior Scientist Emeritus at SickKids Research Institute and a professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Toronto.

Early life and education Rommens grew up on a farm in eastern New Brunswick, Canada. She was awarded a Beaverbrook Scholarship for her undergraduate education, and she earned a dual undergraduate degree in biology and organic chemistry. The CFTR gene was discovered through genetic linkage analysis involving looking for genetic markers that were present in patients with cystic fibrosis but not present in their non-affected relatives. Due to the phenomenon of recombination, whereby parts of chromosomes swap homologous segments during germ cell development, each chromosome a child inherits is a mix of the both of that parent's copies of that chromosome. Markers would only be consistently co-inherited with the gene behind cystic fibrosis if they were close together on the chromosome, so Rommens and other researchers used markers to find the approximate location of the gene. They then used a combination of chromosome walking and chromosome hopping or jumping to locate the CF gene, which they named cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). For example, around 15 percent of CF patients are born with an intestinal obstruction called meconium ileus, and, by analyzing genomes from almost 4,000 CF patients, Rommens' team found genetic risk factors associated with developing meconium ileus and lung problems. In addition to using genetics to investigate how multiple genes contribute to CF pathology, she used mouse models to study how mutations in the CFTR gene affect multiple organ systems.

Rommens also investigated the causes of other genetic diseases, chiefly Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes pancreatic and hematologic problems. It presents with some of the same symptoms as CF and, after CF, SDS Is the second most common cause of pancreatic insufficiency in children. The pancreas is responsible for producing many digestive enzymes and problems with the pancreas in SDS patients prevent sufficient amounts of these enzymes from reaching the intestines, leading to malabsorption of nutrients. Among other symptoms, the disease often presents with digestive problems, skeletal abnormalities, and frequent infections. Rommens found that patients with SDS had segments of their normal SBDS genes swapped out for the corresponding (mutated) segments of the pseudogene. This gene was uncharacterized at the time, but Rommens' lab and others would go on to show that, among other potential functions, SBDS is involved in ribosomal maturation. Ribosomes are cellular protein-making complexes, so problems with SBDS could lead to problems with protein synthesis. Rommens helped educate families affected with SDS at a weeklong volunteer-run camp called Camp Sunshine in Casco, Maine.

Rommens also discovered genes implicated in breast and prostate cancer, as well as Alzheimer's disease. She was involved in genetic research on the neurodegenerative disease Huntington's disease as well as Wilson's disease, a copper storage disorder.

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