Johan Garmann

Johan Garmann (formerly Gaarmann), called "the Elder", (1583 – 7 February 1651) was a Danish-born merchant, alderman, royal factor, and early prominent settler in Norway during the seventeenth century.

Originating from Haderslev, in what was then part of the Duchy of Schleswig (under the Danish crown), Garmann was compelled to leave his home due to the turmoil of the Thirty Years’ War. After a temporary stay in Malmö, he received royal permission to travel to Christiania (now Oslo), then part of the Danish-Norwegian realm, where he established himself as a leading figure in trade, provisioning, and administration associated with the emergent Kongsberg Silver Mines.

He became relatively wealthy, and founded a family line in Norway, known as the Garmann family (derived from the Danish word for farmer; ), which came to enjoy considerable social standing and influence within the country's mercantile and administrative circles. His firstborn son, also named Johan Garmann (the Younger), became the first Land Commissioner of Norway, when Frederick III created a treasury for Norway in 1661. His second born, Hermann Garmann, became Inspector-General of Customs, magistrate president, and commercial director in Bergen.

Although several earlier encyclopedias and literary works have suggested that he was the illegitimate son of Frederick II of Denmark, these claims are unsubstantiated and lack credible historical verification.

Biography

Early life Garmann was born in 1583 in Haderslev, a commercial town in the Duchy of Schleswig (under the Danish crown). A burgher, by the early seventeenth century, he had established himself as a substantial merchant in his hometown. Records suggest that he operated a trading house on the castle grounds and market square in Haderslev prior to 1622. From 1626, he became an alderman of Haderslev.

Despite his evidently successful mercantile endeavours, Garmann's circumstances — and those of countless others — were increasingly shaped by the turbulence of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). In 1627, forces under Imperial supreme commander Albrecht von Wallenstein entered Danish territory, causing widespread unrest. In the wake of these conflicts, Garmann left Haderslev and initially took refuge in Malmö. On 10 January 1628, he secured a royal “leidebrev” (safe passage) from King Christian IV permitting him — accompanied by his wife, children, and brother-in-law, along with a ship and goods— to move to Christiania (Oslo) or elsewhere in Norway. Shortly after arriving, Garmann acquired citizenship (borgerskap) in Christiania. Nevertheless, he chose to reside and develop his enterprises at Bragernes, an area across the Drammenselva river from Strømsø, and a growing commercial district positioned advantageously for trade and resource acquisition. Garmann quickly became affiliated with the Governor-general of Norway, Jens Hermansson Juel, who secured him major trade contracts with the Crown and Kongsberg Silverworks.

Kongsberg Silver Mines and other commercial activities At the time of Garmann's immigration to Oslo, the Kongsberg Silver Mines at Kongsberg in Buskerud county, constituted the largest mining field in Norway, was undergoing rapid expansion following its discovery in 1623.

He accumulated a considerable fortune by the standards of the time, and much of it was secured in silver. In later accounts of the silver mines, it is evident that Garmann is recognised as one of the ‘big customers’. He is recorded in the sales lists with a total of 45 lots with 4.7 kg of silver, the 5th largest buyer overall (the largest was Christian IV). ) and suppliers granted contracts with state authorities, military fortifications, and other public projects. Records indicate that as early as 1630, he provided gunpowder and lead to Akershus Fortress, a key royal fortress in the region. In 1638, he again delivered gunpowder, followed in 1639 and 1640 by the provision of timber and firewood to meet the needs of the authorities. By 1645, Garmann was tasked with supplying masts and beams for royal construction or maintenance projects. In 1649, he furnished provisions for the royal ships.

Marriage and progeny Johan Garmann married Boel Hermansdatter Reiminch (d. 12 February 1657), daughter of Herman Reiminc, an apothecary in Kolding by his wife Margrethe Wilhelmsdatter Schumacher. They reportedly had seven children: One of the earliest identified references to this account can be traced to a genealogical compilation published by Anna Juliane Hopstock in 1876, which included the Garmann family among a number of other interconnected lineages.

Magdalene med Hanken Central to this tradition is the tale of Magdalene (or Margrethe) "med Hanken", a reputedly beautiful woman depicted in a portrait once owned by David Brunchorst Garmann at the Mjelde estate, south of Bergen. According to family lore, Magdalene was morganatically wed to one of the Frederick Danish-Norwegian kings, receiving considerable estates, such as Sandviken and Damsgård, and bearing a son who became the progenitor of the Garmann lineage. According to Strøm, the phrase “med hanken” originally referred to Margrethe's residence on Hankø, expressed as “i Hanken.” Over time, this evolved into “med hanken,” likely due to confusion with the distinctive handle-shaped hairpin depicted in her portrait. Art historian claims that Margrethe was a mistress of Christian IV (who was known to favour extramarital relations), and that their illegitimate child was Johan's son, Herman Garmann, rather than Johan himself. The legend is said to have gained traction due to a perceived resemblance between members of the Garmann family and the House of Oldenburg, particularly Herman Garmann's supposed likeness to Christian IV. Bendixen, however, rejects both accounts as unfounded, though he acknowledges that Herman's striking resemblance to the king may have inspired such stories.